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The time step reduction ratio can be set in order to reach a given precision for the crack initiation criterion at the beginning of the unstable crack extension stage; this precision has to be consistent with the convergence criterion used in the MNA.
Input parameter are given in Table 1, the effective material tenacity is an equivalent value taking into account a reduction of the real material tenacity due to the pressure driven forces on the crack surfaces.
Table 1: Input data for fuel microscopic fragmentation Fuel Volume element Solid material properties Gas equivalent properties Size Bubble volumique fraction ratio Young modulus Poisson ratio Rupture stress Effective material tenacity 9 mm 8 % 200000 MPa 0.3 100 MPa 0.001 J/m2 83 GPa 0.07 GPa Conclusion A smeared crack model has been proposed to simulate continuously crack initiation and growth with or without an initial flaw.

EPE refers to a procedure of periodically reviewing and improving a series of processes such as selection of indicators, analysis and collection of relevant data, and reporting of the results based on the environmental performance criteria.
(a) Concept of mix design improving eco-efficiency (b) cost reduction concept Fig. 4 Mix design improving eco-efficiency applied equivalent durability.
Roh, Assessment of the CO2 emission and cost reduction performance of a low-carbon-emission concrete mix design using an optimal mix design system, Renew.

Introduction Rapid prototyping technology is the automatic construction/fabrication of physical objects directly from computer aided design (CAD) data sources.
According to [2], in 1994, Pratt & Whitney were able to achieved cost reduction and time savings of 70 to 90 percent by incorporating rapid prototyping into their investment casting process.
Besides the reduction in time, mould-made techniques also requires less skill; therefore, the skills are more easily and effectively learned.

During the sintering process for the ceramics of clay, the gas is formed at 400 oC by the volatilization of the sulfides, at 600 oC by escaping of water of crystallization, at 700 oC by the combustion of the organic compounds, at 850 oC by the reduction of the iron oxides, and at the above 1000 oC by the decarburization of the carbonates.
The bloating phenomenon in the ceramics usually occurs by one or more than two reactions enumerated above.[5] Particularly, the bloating of ceramics was known to be easily occurred when the gas generation by the reduction of the iron oxides and the liquid formation are appeared simultaneously.
The dotted line is the expected data.

The AA 6061-T6 tubes have been used to gather the data to determine the energy absorption of tube (external inversion).
· As comparison, a reduction of about 50-70% energy absorbed by annealed specimens had been recorded since annealing process relieved stress of the material and required less energy for the shaping process.
Furthermore, restructuring and non uniform grain size distribution on annealing process also contributes to the reduction of energy absorption.

The above data proved that BS was released from BS-MF microcapsules during the friction process and chemical adsorption process occured on the friction interface [5].
Additive Atomic Conc (%) C O Fe N GCr15 35.00 49.58 14.88 / BS-MF 67.37 28.09 1.79 2.75 MF 42.28 44.73 10.00 2.99 Table 1 The relative content of major elements on the wear surface BS has perfect friction reduction property, which is mainly due to the physical/chemical adsorption films that are formed by the absorption of the polar groups in BS molecule on the metal surface.
Recent Progress in Research on Inorganic Particle Filled Polymer Composites for Friction Reduction and Anti-Wear [J].

To date, many methods have been successfully applied to synthesize one-dimensional copper nanostructure, such as electrochemical deposition copper into the hard template of polymeric ion track membranes for copper nanowires [4] or porous anodic alumina for copper nanotubes [5], the vacuum vapor deposition of copper nanorods on Mo grid [3] and the aqueous reduction route to large scale copper nanowires[6], etc.
The calculated cell parameter is a = 3.6134 Å, which is close to the reported data within the experimental errors (JCPDS 4 - 836).
Qian, Synthesis of copper nanowires via a complex-surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reduction process J.

The statistical analyses of obtained data were performed with one-way ANOVA and the Tukey tests, both at 95% confidence intervals.
The higher the filler concentration, the higher the filler agglomeration, leading to the reduction in hardness [3].
This decrease is due mainly to: (i) the reduction in polymer volume fraction by the RHA-Si incorporation (dilution effect) and (ii) the restricted molecular mobility (or PMMA segmental motions) via the increased filler-polymer interaction.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility activities [3].
With 10% reduction in supply voltage will save 19016 units and Rs.114096.00 per annum.
Chaturvedi, Senior Engineer, Indo-German Tool Room, Indore for his contribution towards the data collection with measurements and testing at site.

Substituting corresponding data into equation(4)(5)(6), calculating respectively the stress intensity factor correction coefficient we get =1.367,=1.324,=1.049.
In general shallow seam the fracture length of main roof , which being inversely proportional to the load of overlaying rock seam, decrease gradually with the reduction of the horizontal compression.
The conclusion, that the fracture length of main roof decrease gradually with the reduction of the horizontal compression, explains the fracture length of main roof is generally short in shallow seams.