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NabarroHerring creep, dislocation-pipe diffusion and grain-boundary sliding were suggested to be most relevant for the diffusive flux but it turned out to be extremely difficult to distinguish between the contributions of bulk, interfacial or pipe diffusion and to estimate the flux-blocking effect of the precipitates themselves.
Rather, the preferential precipitation of nitrides along the alloy grain boundaries promotes the occurrence of brittle intergranular cracking.
Surprisingly, the spalled gross mass is more or less a function of the number of cycles, the mass change for 20 cycles with 1h dwell at 1100°C is almost the same than for 20 cycles with 5h dwell at 1100°C (Fig. 4b).
number of thermal cycles for exposure of CMSX-4 specimens of different thickness in air at 1100°C (1h dwell times, 15min cooling at 50°C).

Table 3 Chemical composition of DC 04 EK-B steels C Mn Si S P Cu Cr Ni Al Steel quality Weight % DC 04 EK-B 0.04 0.21 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.038 Table 4 Mechanical properties of DC 04 EK-B steels Steel quality ReH [N/mm2] Rm [N/mm2] A5 [%] DC 04 EK-B 185 304 66 The two-side enamelling criteria means that the steel has to contain sufficient number of hydrogen traps to prevent the formation of fish scales.
Taking into account the heat effect and heat transport, the uniform weld line could be assured only by setting a great number of welding parameters.
The macroscopic photos show that the fusion of the welds is adequate, and the microstructure shows a homogeneous grain size distribution.
The micro photos show uniform end homogenous grain size distribution.

Table 1 Chemical composition of two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys(wt%) Alloy number Zn Mg Cu Zr Fe Si Alloy I 8.0 1.8 2.0 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Alloy II 9.3 2.0 1.8 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Alloy III 9.8 2.0 1.8 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Results and Discussion Microstructure observation of extruded alloy.
It can be seen from OM images that grain characteristics for the three alloys is similar due to the same deformation process.
Moreover, obvious Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase is observed in A3 alloy, as labelled in Fig. 3(f), which reveals that a large number of dissolvable Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase .
Recovery, recrystallization, grain growth and phase stability of a family of FCC-structured multi-component equi-atomic solid solution alloys, Intermetallics. 2014, 46: 131-140

Continuous efforts are being made to address the sustainability issues of conventional gear hobbing process by minimization of cutting fluids (CF’s), reducing the number of finishing operations and by adopting economic and efficient heat treatment processes.
Specifications of the spur gear Hobbing parameters Material: 20MnCr5 alloy steel MQLAH: V = 29 m/min; f = 0.44 mm/rev (Q = 100 ml/hr; α = 30ᵒ) FLAH: V = 22 m/min; f = 0.44 mm/rev (Q = 2500 ml/hr) Module: 3 mm Profile: Involute Number of teeth: 16 M-PTA parameters Pitch circle diameter: 48 mm Power, P: 176W Scanning speed, S: 1.25 mm/s Stand-off distance, Z: 8 mm Pressure angle: 20° Face width: 10 mm Tip diameter: 54 mm Bore diameter: 25.4 mm Methods.
It can be observed that MQLAH M-PTA treated gear flank surface has comparatively finer grains and more pearlite content (due to the formation of uniform hardened case) as compared to FLAH M-PTA treated gear which consisted of coarse grains with less pearlite content.

Through-thickness anisotropy of mechanical properties in aluminum alloy plate arise from various sources, such as chemistry gradients resulting from solidification sequences during casting, grain structure and crystallographic texture gradients, and quench rate gradient after solution heat treatment.
In-plane anisotropy of mechanical properties is predominantly control- led by crystallographic texture with additional secondary effects from grain morphology and precipitate structures having non-uniform forma- tion on different habit planes during artificial ageing. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Cube Goss Brass S Cu R-Cube Crystallographic Texture component olum of ure Component t/2 t/6 Text e %V Since these latter effects are related to crystallo- graphic texture of the plate, texture is the most predominant factor determining in-plane strength Fig.2 Crystallographic texture of 39 mm ga 2195-T8 plate at t/2 and t/6 locations anisotropy[5].
Lot numbers SD-1, SD-2 , SD-3 and SD-4 were hot rolled primarily by one directional rolling to 39mm gauge plate by lengthening the ingots to 7.4 times the incoming ingot length with a very small amount of deformation in the lateral direction (1.2 times), yielding an overall deformation ratio (longitudinal direction vs. transverse direction) of 6.2:1.
%(S+Cu-Brass) components Ratio of (L UTS/LT UTS) SD-1 SD-2 SD-3 SD-4 TD-1 TD-2 0 1 2 3 4 SD-1 SD-2 SD-3 SD-4 TD-1 TD-2 Plate Lot Number Ratio of vol.% (S / Br) Fig. 7 Ratio of (S/Brass) at t/6 location from two different rolling practices Fig. 8 Correlation of (L UTS/LT UTS) and vol.

Introduction Water resource plays a critical role in the socio-economic development, grain production and so on.
For instance, Harris et al[1] insisted that the water availability have been restricted the increased grain production, and therefore affected the development of a sustainable agricultural system.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant [number 2010CB951102] and the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [number 51279207].

Introduction Asphalt mixture is granular material which is composed by different particle size[1,2].The pavement performance determines by the space distribution of particle, it depends on the shape of mineral grains, surface properties, rock performance, mineral skeleton structure and so on[3,4].
In the process of engineering application, the mainly consideration in the gravity is motion contact behavior, the motion behavior size is closely relate to the internal friction and cohesion of grain.
The micro characteristic parameters of particles are supplied, the particle density is 2.5 g/cm3, the friction coefficient is 0.5，a linear stiffness contact model is applied, the time step number of particle operation is two million, the wall normal stiffness and tangential stiffness separately are =3.0×108，=3.0×108；the particle normal stiffness and tangential stiffness separately are =1.0×108、=1.0×108，there are five walls in the particle piling model, the numbers are 1#,2#,3#,4# and 5#，the normal stiffness and tangential stiffness of every wall separately are =1.0×1020，=1.0×1020；=1.0×1020，=1.0×1020；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；the coordinates separately are xl1=0.0，y11=0.0，x12=0.5，y12=0.0；X21=0.0，y21=0.5，x22=0.0，y22=0.0；X31=0.2，y31=-0.01，x32=0.2，y32=0.019；X41=0.2，y41=0.05，x42=0.2，y42=0.4；X51=0.3，y51=-0.01，x52=0.3，y52=0.019；After the gradation types of CA0.2, CA0.6 and CA0.8 were operated for two million time steps，the contact networks among particles are

During this period, the Brazilian economy was dominated by mining; however, with the decline of the gold cycle, coffee culture had great momentum in the country and made Brazil one of the largest exporters of this grain in the world in the 19th century.
These numbers describe just how promising the panel sector is, in the Brazilian economy.
Lignin acts as a stiffener of cellulose microfibrils and appears to prevent or limit perpendicular movement to the grain resulting in higher mechanical strength [21].
[3] Brazilian Association Industry Of Wood Panels [ABIPA] Numbers of sector in 2012.

As to glass, which is also one of the main material of panel, despite its enormous number, it doesn’t attract enough attention compared to its potential value.
As the grain size of waste TFT-LCD glass is under 325mesh, grinding requires a great deal of time and energy, which means the high production cost.
So, the selection of proper grain size is the key to popularize this technology.
Using calcium carbonate as a foaming agent easily leads to a large number of open pores which exerts profound influence on the insulation properties of foamed glass, and excessively high sintering temperature increases the cost of production.

XN (real numbers), and μ as the average value, the formula of standard deviation as follows: (14) Table 1 variance angle Part1 Part2 Part3 Part4 00 651.91 815.09 823.71 2505.94 900 93.74 627.75 1875.26 503.79 count 5 6 9 6 From Table 1, we can get that, in a certain range, the region segment can be determined by peaks’ variance and density of texture with intensive grain direction.
Roughly set 1600 as the variance threshold, 6 as the number threshold in this table.
Firstly enhance non-road texture and grain the trend of direction by projection transformation, so it is more efficient to extract available road information and the contrast is obvious.