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Table 1 Parameters of friction test sample Sample Numbers Mixing temperatureT(℃{TTP}8451 ) Material forms a1 600 semi-solid state a2 620 a3 640 liquid state a4 660 a5 680 a6 700 The order of mass loss was: △{TTP}9651 Ma2>△{TTP}9651 Ma3>△{TTP}9651 Ma4>△{TTP}9651 Ma5>△{TTP}9651 Ma1>△{TTP}9651 Ma6 as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig.6 The wear of different mixing temperature Fig.7 The wear of different SiCp volume fraction (5) SiCp particles size The numbers of C1, {TTP}12289 C2, {TTP}12289 C3 samples were corresponded to the composite materials with SiCp particle size of 7μm, 10μm and 35μm.
The grain boundaries were smooth.
When force was acted on creeper tread, the dislocation movement of matrix would be hindered and the grain slip would be blocked by SiCp particles.

A white network consisting of large number of spherical dimples could be observed which indicates purely ductile failure of the surface.
In fig. 3(b), a large number of cracks can be observed along the grain boundaries indicating inter-granular fracture The experimental conditions in both of these situations were corresponding to a moderate rate of energy input to the tool/abrasive; hence the proportion of brittle fracture was expected to be larger than the previous case.
In fig 4 (b) localized plastic deformation can also be seen in the form of a few round dimples along with material pull-out due to action of large sized active abrasive grains.

Nanoparticles and Single Crystals as the Basis of Modern Advanced Materials As a result of the high-speed thermo-deformation cycle of laser and hybrid laser-arc welding on metal welds and the heat-affected zone of low-carbon steels, a uniform dispersed structure of fine-grained lower bainite and martensite is formed with uniform distribution of carbide-type nano-phases [4, 5].
(1) Here X, Y are the coordinates of the pixel, Xn, Yn, An and σn2 are the coordinates, amplitude and dispersion of the spot with the number n.
(3) Here, MX and MY are the number of pixels of the image on the abscissa and ordinates.
Gakh, et al., On Nature of Grains of Random Orientation in Welds of Single Crystal High-Temperature Nickel Alloys, Metallofiz.

The volume fraction of inclusions of the steels measured for a large number of heats (50) is found to be between 0.031-0.069 percent.
The fractured surfaces of a large number of broken samples were examined by SEM which exhibited primarily quasi-cleavage features mixed with microvoids and intergranular facets; these features are typical signatures as observed on fractured specimens of tempered martensitic structures.
Banerjee, Intergranular Failure in Steel: The Role of Grain-Boundary Composition, Int.
Kim, The effect of grain size on fracture behaviour of tempered martensite embrittlement for AISI 4340 steel, Mater.

Despite the long-term development of mining machines, which mechanically destroy coal beds, the problems of specific energy reduction, extraction of fine dust grain and re-grinding of coal during mining have not been solved yet.
This is accompanied by a large yield of fine grains of coal and dust formation.
The capacity of front modular complexes is proportional to the number of simultaneously operating extraction modules, i.e. the face length or its active area.
Engin., Automat. and Control Syst., vol. 177, no. 1, 2017, Article number 012045.

Chromium plating at the optimum mode allows achieving the required adhesion strength of the coating with the base of the part, a low amount of wear by minimizing the number and size of cracks in the applied coatings [7-11].
The adhesion of a chromium coating obtained from a low-concentration electrolyte with gloss-forming agents is not inferior to that of universal solutions (Figure 4), which is due to the production of less coarse-grained and denser structures of chromium sediment.
It should be noted that the endurance limit of specimens chromed in pulsed modes is higher than that in permanently current ones due to the smaller number of developed fatigue cracks.
Bersan, Grain storage and processing 7 (2010) 55-56

A large number of loose corrosion products and local corrosion pits existed in tubing inner surface.
The grain size and the total amount of inclusions met the technical requirements.
Table 5 Metallographic analysis results of the failure tubing Number Type of non-metallic inclusion Microstructure Grain degree A B C D thin thick thin thick thin thick thin thick 1# 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 Tempered sorbite+Bainite (Fig. 6) 11.0 2# 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 Tempered sorbite+Bainite Diameter of D type inclusion (globular oxide inclusion)is 91μm,as shown in Fig. 7 11.0 Technical requirement Total amount≤4.0 Fine and uniform tempered sorbite and no thick inclusions. ≥8.0 Fig. 6 Micro-structure of the tubing Fig. 7 Oversized D type inclusion Fig. 8 Corrosion products and pits of the tubing Fig. 9 Micro-structure near the corrosion pits SEM and EDS Analysis of the Corrosion Products.

A number of factors, such as properly designed construction and its flawless implementation, as well as the proper design of the concrete mixture composition itself, ensure the hydro-insulation property of a functional white box. [1] Properties such as low water absorption, high resistance to groundwater penetration under pressure and low volume changes are extremely important for these types of concrete.
It is also required that more than 70 per cent of grains pass through the 0.063 mm sieve, due to a high rate of very fine particles compacting the entire structure of cement stone presented in the cement grout. [6] This fact is the motivation of the construction of white box concrete showing minimal volume changes while achieving a high useful effect.
The designation is based on the initial letter of the given additive (S = Slag, L = Limestone) and the number for limestone represents its commercial label regarding the fineness grinding level.
The amount of the aggregate was determined from the equation of absolute volumes and the maximum grain of the aggregate was 22 mm.

A significant number of high-performance engineering structures are repeatedly subjected to both thermal and mechanical loads, often in a combined fashion.
Because a huge number of high-performance engineering structures are exposed to combine thermal and mechanical loads, coupled thermo-mechanical assessments are extremely important.
The effect of load ratio on fracture propagation. [18] The propagation of a fatigue crack measuring 5 mm in length as a function of the number of cycles for load ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.7 under a maximum stress of 118MPa demonstrates that the crack spreads more slowly under similar circumstances.
The number of cycles and the load ratio are directly related to one another in a meaningful way.
Because an increase in grain size is what causes a fall in particle density, the fatigue life also reduces when temperatures rise.

., sulfonic and carboxylic groups) in CTMP, kappa number (i.e., residual lignin content) of unbleached kraft pulp, and beating degree of bleached kraft pulp on the conductivity of PAn-coated conductive paper were investigated [8, 14].
The amount of PAn coated increased with increasing content of sulfonic groups in CTMP or decreasing kappa number of unbleached kraft pulp.
Both SEM and AFM observation revealed the fine grain microstructure of the PPy on the composites with average grain sizes in the range of 100~200 nm, and the PPy on the samples doped with NSA and AQSA-Na exhibited quite different morphology as compared to those doped with PTSA and its sodium salt [16, 17].