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But from the experiences of the third-generation Synchrotron Radiation Facilities operated in the world, it has been observed that this criterion is too conservative for the expected low number of thermal cycles (~10,000 cycles in 30 years of service).
This model takes the maximum principal strain as the damage parameter and leads to the following formula. 1 ' (2 ) ' (2 ) 2 f b c f f f N N E σε ε ∆ = + (1) where 1/ 2ε∆ is the maximum principal strain amplitude, 'fσ is the fatigue strength coefficient, b is the fatigue strength exponent, 'fε is the fatigue ductility coefficient, c is the fatigue ductility exponent and E is the Young's modulus. fN is the fatigue crack initiation life which is the number of load cycles when a grain size (~1mm) crack forms.

In WDM mesh networks the use of the idle capacity by multi-hop light-paths is complicated by the need of re-dimensioning core nodes, resizing transport links and reconfiguring a large number of optical switches [4].
In a multi hop network, to communicate from a source to a destination, it is necessary to use a composite light-path consisting of a number of light-paths.
Although switching by using fine-grained switching capable devices holds higher flexibility, it incurs higher device costs as well.

First, odd numbered outer dies and inner dies press the trial pipe and return to the starting position.
Second, the even numbered outer dies and inner dies press the trial pipe, and all dies return to the starting position.
Xu, Microstructure texture and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel during rolling process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 209 (2009), 2627-2631 [11] Y.

The samples were flooded in with an epoxy resin and then were polished using abrasive papers with grit from 100 to 2000 and polished on the polishing disks with diamond powder with a grain size of 3 µm and 0,5 µm and aluminum oxides.
The topography of the side surface of the rod after laser texturing: laser Nd:YAG λ=1064 nm, power - 50W, frequency 3kHz, scan speed 500 mm/s, distance between the lines 0,15 mm, number of pulses in the same area - 20 In the second variant of the side surface laser texturing of the rod was prepared layout of oil tanks in the shape of microchannels with microextrusions (Fig. 3).
Surface topography and the geometry of the microchannels oil, made with the laser ablation of the side surface area: laser Nd:YAG, λ=1064 nm, power - 50W, frequency 3 kHz, speed 25 mm/s, number of pulses in the same area - 15 A technological variant of ablative laser texturing with of 50% filling level of the microcontainers of the modified by laser surface of steel was also manufactured.

The cell structures below this film are plausibly formed by (Ti, W)Cх grains with interlayers consisting of CoxWyC and/or CoxWy particles.
Fig. 5 The microhardness numbers of T40 hard metal samples as functions of the input energy density for pulse duration 150 ms , pulse repetition rate 0.3 s-1 and pulse number 15. 1 – titanium coating thickness 1 mm; 2 – titanium coating thickness 1 mm; 3 – as-sintered hard metal.

It can be seen obviously from Fig. 1 there is no absorption at around wave number 2270cm-1 which indicates that the NCO group of IPDI has reacted completely [8]; there is no absorption at around wave number 3640cm-1 as well which indicates that the primary OH group of the feeding materials PPG, DMPA, and BDO has reacted completely.
It can be seen obviously that the angular grains of HNIW become blunt after being coated, which will reduce the possibility of forming hot spots.

To fabricate these protective coatings, a number of good candidates include titanium dioxide (TiO2), chromium nitride (CrN), niobium oxide (NbO), and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5).
This was probably because of the diffusion of the reagent along the grain boundaries.[1] Fig. 2 I-V polarization curve (Tafel slope) of the samples after immersed in 1M NaCl (a) bare (uncoated) substrate and 25 nm-Ta2O5 sample; and (b) Ta2O5 films at various thicknesses In order to determine the corrosion rate, we recalled the current density which was directly related with the corrosion rate, from the following equation: (1) Where RM is the corrosion rate (mm/year), M is the atomic weight, n is the charge number, F is the Faraday’s constant (94.485 C/mol), and r is the density.

Introduction Thermal barrier coatings continue to be the subject of a number of worldwide surveys that seek and offer new solutions for each new proposed situation and seek improvements in performance, reliability and durability of conventional coatings.
This process prevents the oxidation of the substrate from occurring and still maintains certain porosity inside the coating, obtaining a surface more resistant to the impacts with sand grains common in aircraft turbines in landings and takeoffs [7].
The number of ball turns and the normal force on the sample are supplied by the apparatus.

Applying fractional element [3] to describe material electrical features and fractional calculus to identify material parameters describes more accurately physical phenomena like porosity, sizes and distribution of grains, relaxation effects occurring in material.
Experimental Having the set of the values of an electrical parameter of some object, expressed in compound numbers, one can accurately predict the behaviour of a linear dynamic system in the frequency domain.
The obtained values of materials impedance )(Z ω were expressed in compound numbers consisted of the real and imaginary parts.

Petrology Characteristics of Reservoir According to the analyzed of 702 cast thins, the lithology of Chang 6 reservoir is fine-grained lithic feldspar sandstone, followed by feldspar lithic sandstone in research area (Fig.1).
Throat is generally small, poor connectivity between pores, because of the clogging; throat coordination number is low and the seeping ability becoming worse [3].
Table.1 Laboratory results of samples in the Banqiao—Heshui area with nuclear magnetic resonance technique Serial number porosity [%] Permeability [10-3μm2] Movable fluid saturation [%] Movable fluid porosity [%] Irreducible water saturation [%] classification 1 9.70 0.120 27.77 2.69 72.23 IV 2 10.19 0.100 42.72 4.49 57.28 III 3 9.68 0.070 40.47 3.93 59.53 III 4 8.34 0.100 37.03 3.18 62.97 III 5 16.12 1.220 29.89 4.54 70.11 IV 6 10.51 0.490 33.95 3.46 66.05 IV Average 10.76 0.35 35.31 3.72 64.69 The distribution of No.1 sample’s T2 spectrum frequency is asymmetric unimodal, the limit value of relaxation time on the left side of the area significantly greater than the right side of the area.