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Such hypothesis is presented in Palmgren-Miner’s [1] model: , (1) where: D-damage degree, where a linear relationship is proposed, ni - number of loading cycles at a given stress level, Nfi - number of cycles to failure at a given stress level.
The model can be expanded to a chosen number of load block’s with the right modifications, e.g. for a three stage block loading program we obtain: . (5) · Chaboche and Lemaitre [5] model.
The authors have presented an exponential function in their past papers which distinguishes the load sequence [6, 7]: , (8) where: N – the current number of cycles to destruction at the instant t, Nf - is total number of cycles until failure.
Taking this into account by substituting equation (10) into equation (11a) and rewriting them in an integral form we obtain , (12) While solving the equation to obtain the constant λ we get: , (13) for - total number of cycles to failure we get: , (14) , . (15) The dependence between (16) and number of cycles N is shown in Fig.1 for φ=1 and λ=ln(2).
Eto, Effect of stress history on cumulative fatigue damage of fine-grained isotropic GCR graphite, Elsevier Science Ltd., Carbon Vol. 34, No. 8, 1996, pp. 967-974

Studying the effects of hybrid reinforcement made of nano-zirconium oxide and chopped glass fibers for poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture bases, nano- ZrO2 (n ZrO2) at grain sizes (46.7 nm) which measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and different ratios on the mechanical characteristics was the aim of this study .To make the pure sample, a 2:1 powder to liquid ratio of typical acrylic resin was used.
It has been established that the average grain size of nZrO2 particles is (46.7 nm).
The glass fibers adhered to the fracture plane and protruded.The number of voids created by the drawn glass fibers was higher in group C than in group B.

With the increase of solution temperature, the number and size of secondary α phase increase significantly.
When the solution temperature increased from 980 ℃ to 1000 ℃, the grain boundary between primary α phase and β transformation structure decreased, and the resistance to dislocation slip decreased, which leads to the increase of plasticity.
The alloy heat-treated at 960 ℃/1 h/AC +650 ℃/6 h/AC had a large number of dimples, the depths of the dimples were deeper, but the sizes were uneven.
After 980 ℃/1 h/ AC +650 ℃/6 h/AC heat treatment, the alloy’s dimples were less in number, shallower in depth, and unevenly distributed, so the plasticity was the worst.
At the same time, the number of secondary α phase rises and the size augments. 3) Heat treatment can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the alloy at room temperature and high temperature.

For preliminary estimation of the physical processes taking place in the induction device, a calculation and an analysis of similarity criterion were carried out: magnetic Reynolds number Reм < 0,2 – electromagnetic task can be solved without the influence of the velocity field in metal; Hartmann number Ha > 29 – electromagnetic field has a significant influence on the melt movement; Reynolds number Re > 12000 – a turbulent mode of flows, application of turbulent models is needed; Rayleigh number Ra > 1330 – penetration of free-convection flows is possible, it is necessary to take thermal expansion of liquid metal into account.
To provide the exchange with the interpolation of electromagnetic and hydrodynamic parameters of the task, the algorithm of coupling of ANSYS and FLUENT was developed and implemented. [5] When turbulence models are used, the thermal conductivity consists of constant and turbulent components [6] are: (1) where Prt – turbulent Prandtl number ; c – heating capacity.
It is very rare that a direct numerical modelling is used due to high requirements to computational resources with big Reynolds numbers.
The samples are casted into an electromagnetic crystallizer had a significantly smaller grain size; the structures on the surface and in the ingot core were the same which means favorable influence of MHD-stirring and the right choice of the system parameters. [1] Fig. 8 Dynamics of the crucible heating Fig. 9 Comparison of thermal-imaging survey and mathematical modelling of the crucible heatingфыввыоарвлоыраловыралоой съемки и ия, электротехнологии, кристалли

Texttraffic situation in China and comprehension of heavy-load traffic and overload Overload can be presented by axle-load acting number, tire and pavement, contact stress, and dynamic effect.
Current traffic condition in china can generalize a conclusion: high traffic condition and a large number of overload vehicle.
According to statistics, more than 154 above county-level ordinary highways are seriously destructed due to overloading transportation in Liaoning Province, and about 7,340,000 square meters of various types of highways are destructed, accounting for above 25% of total distance of above county-level highways, and 23,009 linear meters of bridges have dangers, accounting for about 6.5% of the total number of bridges.
However, with the influence of heavy traffic, common pavement disasters cover almost all types, such as common cracks including transverse cracks and longitudinal cracks, and extended fracturing and even potholes; and common deformation such as rutting, waves, subsidence and bump etc; and also prevalent unconsolidation, decrustation and grain shattering etc.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the general project of liaoning province department of education,the number of funded project is L2013238, and the Colleges and universities outstanding talents of science and technology support plan, Preferred by Liaoning "Talents Project" for the project the number is 2012921047.

[7] Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Volume 177, Numbers 1-4(2011), 555-561.
[9] Materials and Structures Volume 38,Number 1(2005)：63-72,Scientific Reports ,Effect of fly ash and slag on the fracture characteristics of high performance concrete.B.
[10] Materials and Structures Volume 35,Number 9(2002), 536-540, Strength development of concretes with ordinary Portland cement, slag or fly ash cured at different temperatures Ö.
[13] Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Volume 11, Number 1(2009), 65-72, Water extraction with CO2 bubbling as pretreatment of melting-furnace fly ash for metal recovery Chang-Hwan Jung and Masahiro Osako
[17] Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Volume 289, Number 2(2011), 617-626, Adsorption of indigo carmine from aqueous solution using coal fly ash and zeolite from fly ash.Terezinha E.

Introduction With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the number of waste tires increased dramatically.
All over the world there are more than 1 billion scrap tires each year and in China the number of it is from 5000 to 60 million, and the increasing rate of it is about 15% per year [1].
Test Piece for experiment is normal,adopt the method of stiring and jolt ramming by machine.acorrding to (GB/T50081-2002)[4],after stuff the model,vibration close-grained to form concrete,take Test Piece into maintainingbox, and then the form was removed after 24 hours, immediately moved then into the conservation of the curing room.
Fund 1) Liaoning Province Department of education project (Project Name: rubber modified cement concrete pavement performance study; the project number: L2012424); 2) Liaoning natural fund project (Project Name: road rubber modified experimental study; performance of concrete cement project number: 2013020087); 3) national technology support project (Project Name: the old industrial relocation area livable environment construction research and demonstration; planning and design project number: 2011BAJ06B04) 4) in Liaoning province innovation teams in Higher Education Project (Project Name: environmental geotechnical engineering; project number: LT2012021).

Number of layers Number of samples Average Mass (kg) Average Length (m) Average Width (m) Average Depth (m) 1 6 6.45 2.094 0.151 0.031 2 12 13.81 2.095 0.149 0.063 3 6 20.08 2.094 0.150 0.095 Fig. 1.
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 14480 830 0.53 0.63 535.4 66 Notes: is the modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain; is the transversal elastic modulus; and are Poisson's ratio: and are shear modulus.
Number of layers 1 2 3 Number of samples 6 12 6 Maximum(Hz) Measured 15.70 33.63 47.34 Theoretical 16.02 32.46 50.26 Minimum(Hz) Measured 14.00 28.66 42.34 Theoretical 14.86 29.76 47.51 Average(Hz) Measured 14.73 30.99 44.77 Theoretical 15.54 31.15 48.81 Variance Measured 0.39 3.35 3.70 Theoretical 0.19 0.80 1.41 Average error 5.19% 1.14% 6.76% Comparative analysis of elastic modulus tested by vibration test and static load test Modulus of elasticity Ed is calculated by substituting the frequency values measured by vibration method into Eq. (1), then made a comparison with the modulus of elasticity Es measured by static load test, the results are shown in Table 4.
Number of layers Number of samples Maximum Minimum Average Variance Average (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) error Ed max Es max Ed min Es min 1 6 12.11 13.79 9.81 10.83 11.06 12.72 0.69 3.18 9.76% 2 12 15.36 16.81 10.36 11.74 13.26 14.51 2.34 2.3 8.81% 3 6 12.98 11.63 10.81 10.76 11.48 11.21 0.65 0.21 -3.67% Table 4 shows that for single-layer and two-layer glulam beams, vibration test results are smaller than the static method results and the average error are 9.76%, 8.81%; while for three-layer glulam beams, the test result of vibration method is greater than the static method results and the average error is -3.67%.

The main cause of creep is nucleation as the growth of cavities on the grain boundaries [5][6].
Fig. 2 shows the curve of mesh number with von Misses stress observed in an element of the tube wall.
The mesh convergence indicates that an increase of the element number increases the stress.
The shape of the curve starts to converge starting at the element number of 22000.
The use of higher number of the mesh more than 22000 reaches a stable form.

In order to solve the problem of rural surplus labor, the number of rural surplus labor in each period must be made accurate estimates.
Forth, there is much regional difference in agricultural production, including once or twice or three times planting in one year.And even if in the area of once planting in one year, such as in Heilongjiang Province, there is also has wheat beans production area , grains area and rice area, etc.
178.3681 0.3540 0.5788 0.3782 0.5129 -0.0902 -9431.9640 It can be seen from table III,the numbers of the surplus agrarian labor of Harbin, Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan, Yichun, Jiamusi and Da hinggan Ling are all negative value.
It doesn’t exist surplus labor and the numbers of labor are insufficient in these areas.
Estimation the number of agriculture surplus labor in Jingjinji [J].