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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 1: (a) raster build scheme (b) tensile specimen dimensions, (c) 3D layout of specimen build on printer (d) plan view of specimen build on printer and specimen numbers and (e) friction plate geometry Specimens with an edge build direction (specimens 4, 5 and 6) while in general show similar yield strengths do however show higher elongation (Fig. 2(b)) than that observed for the flat specimens.
In the plane of the build table, two orientations of the friction plates were produced: (a) with the plate long edge at 45° to the Y axis and (b) with the plate long edge parallel to the table Y axis resulting in the surface grain of the laydowns as shown in Figure 5 (a) and (b) respectively.
The displacement is the total displacement of the strip in relation to a given friction plate (i.e. the number of passes times 50 mm) including all speeds and pressures.
(a) (b) Figure 5: Surface grain with edge of friction plate (a) at 45° to FDM machine Y axis, (b) parallel to the Y axis (a) (b) Figure 6: Wear on tools parallel to the build plane orthotropic axes showing (a) incident light to highlight smoothing and (b) build-up of wear materials following complete test programme (a) (b) Figure 7: Static and dynamic coefficient of friction vs total strip displacement for friction plates with the surface filaments oriented to the pull direction (a) at 0° and (b) at 45° .

The longer heating time causes the grain size to increase so that it will provide more inter-grain space for the interstitial atoms such as nitrogen.
Table 2 White Layer Thickness and diffusion depth of the sample after nitriding No Sample Code Holding Time Layer Thickness [µm] Diffusion Depth [µm] 1 N2Z2 2 jam 3,1 32,7 2 N4Z2 4 jam 2,9 36,4 3 N6Z2 6 jam 3,616 61 Table 3 White Layer Thickness Data Variation in Number of Media No Sample Code Amount of Urea Layer Thickness [µm] Diffusion Depth [µm] 1 N4Z1 0,3 d.o.a 3,238 34 2 N4Z2 0,4 d.o.a 3,616 61 Fig 1 Cross section SEM images of (a) N2Z2, (b) N4Z2 and (c) N6Z2 nitrided-samples.
From the results of the analysis, the phase formed from the white layer is the a-Fe2N phase based on the number of dissolved nitrogen atoms in the sample, which is more than 12% [12].

Vitková [2] defines the degree of representation of functions in functionally mixed territory as particles, where coarse grains are large shopping centers and small grains are shops in parterres and arcades of buildings.
Parameter of comfort is then expressed as a dimensionless number as follows: [11] Ψ = v+σv0+σ0 (1) Studies aimed at determining the boundaries of discomfort realized by Hunt in 1976, which were based on experiments in a wind tunnel, were completed by Jackson in 1978.
The implementation can be performed in a number of ways.

Semi- solid forming is a new technology in recent decades that has a number of advantages over conventional casting routes.
Introduction Thixoforming or semi-solid metal processing, is the forming of alloys in the semi-solid state to near net shaped products which is different from conventional casting or conventional forging[1].The process has a number of advantages over conventional casting routes such as lower cycle time, increased die life, reduced porosity, reduced solidification shrinkage, improved mechanical properties, etc [2].
Fig. 3 Micrograph of shrinkage voids in a step-die sample by ram speed = 100mm/sec, F= 10 ton: a) T m =400°C, T reheat =595°C near coarse grains, b) T m =400°C, T reheat =595° near dendritic structure, c) T m =400°C, T reheat =580°C Fig. 4a shows that in the thinner parts of the step die the liquid content raises and also segregation of liquid phase is more clearly.
Fig. 4e shows the deformation of globular grains due to liquid drains and high presure just under gate over the solids.

A number of renovated scientific teams have dealt with the issue of matrix formation on the basis of these substances, while in the case of alkali-activated metakaolin the term geopolymer, resp. geopolymerization [1], resp. the term geosynthesis is generally used.
One of the key factors influencing the formation of the AAM matrix structure is the presence of an alkali metal, the temperature during the maturation of the material and a number of other circumstances also play an important role [4].
Table 6: Technical characteristics of used filler Fraction Bulk density Grain density Absorbency W60 Crushing resistance 0-4 mm 500 kg.m-3 925 kg.m-3 5% 3 MPa Mixtures were prepared from the mixtures, the composition of which is given in Table 1, on which the determination of fresh mortar consistency (EN 1015-3), Subsequently, the mixtures were placed in molds, and thus test specimens in the form of beams with dimensions of 40x40x160 mm were produced.
The relatively compact structure and the as yet unreacted ash grain are evident.

A large number of lead-free solders research studies [4-7] have been reported which have focused primarily on microstructural analysis and mechanical properties for specified compositions of lead-free solders.
After taking a heat-treatment at 150˚C for 150 h, the microstructure of the solder matrix coarsens significantly, and (Ni,Au)3Sn2 grains centralize at the interface between solder and Ni substrate.
With prolonging the aging time, the (Ni,Au)3Sn2 grains are unchanged in numbers but agglomerate and coarsen gradually.

The chemical formula for mullite is described as being Al4-2xO10-xSi2 +2 xO10-x, where "x" represents the number of oxygen vacancies per unit cell.
In Table 2 are shown the values for net parameter (a), the molar percentage of Al2O3 (m), the number of oxygen vacancies per unit cell (x); the ratio Al2O3: SiO2; the dimensions of the whiskers; and the aspect ratio (AR).
This mullite is rich in alumina which favors the growth of acicular grains. [7] The addition of rare earth oxides produces a glassy phase of low viscosity.
The molar ratio Al2O3: SiO2 for pure or doped mullite is close to 2:1, rich in alumina, which favors the occurrence of acicular grains.

The increase in the values of band gap energy with different dopant is attributed to the decrease in crystallinity and grain size of ZnO films [14].
Fig. 3 Plot of grain size and band gap versus La- concentration of ZnO thin films.
The texture coefficients TC(hkl) have been based on the following formula [19]: (4) where TC(hkl) is the texture coefficient of the plane (hkl), I(hkl) is the measured intensity, I0(hkl) is the standard intensity, N is the reflection number and n is the number of diffraction peaks.

A large number of fine phases are precipitated in these areas due to the partial dissolution of (Ti,Cr)C in the melted binder metal.
Additionally, the high content of the brittle carbide grains and increased porosity in the (Ti,Cr)C-18wt.
%Ni binder is enough to prevent the brittle fatigue and detachment of carbide grains under friction load.
On the other hand, a reduced number of pores and cracks inside the coatings also prevents losses of carbide particles.

Powder grain size distribution was obtained using an Occhio Alpaga 500 Nano® granulometer.
- Tests involved 10,000 and 100,000 cycles, i.e. the number of impacts
Crater diameter and depth depended on testing parameters such as impact angle, impact number and temperature (Fig. 4).
The outer zone (numbered 0 in Fig. 14), which corresponded to the early stage of wear, showed that most of the coating remained sound.
In zone number 1, surface could transform due to plastic deformation, which initiated TTS formation.