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By direct evaporating metallic materials into low-vapor-pressure liquids, nanoparticles are simultaneously made and dispersed into base fluids to make nanofluids.
Nano fluids – Thermal conductivity Modern nanotechnology provides great opportunities to process and produce materials with average crystallite sizes below 50 nm.
Science and Technology, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Doucet, New temperature dependent thermal conductivity data for water-based nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 48 (2) (2009) 363-371
Peyghambarzadeh et al, Parametric study of overall heat transfer coefficient of CuO/water nanofluids in a car radiator, international journal of thermal sciences 66(2013)82-90

Therefore, the compositing modification between the other bio-compatible materials and the chitosan is one of the common methods[ 4-6].
The experiment The main materials.
Journal of Functional Materials, 2008,39(3)：523-525
Chemical Engineering Journal .2010, (165):240–249
Journal of Wuhan University (Science Edition), 2006,52(2):189-192

Experiment Materials.
The molar ratio of the materials was 1:1.
Low viscosity is conducive to the transfer of materials, and promoting the liquefaction of solid polymeric materials.
The property of viscosity was beneficial to the transfer of materials in the ionic liquid.
Science, 2002, 297(2): 799-803

To improve luminescent intensity of Sm3+, series of host materials were prepared and studied .Shi Pengtu[2] studied the luminescence properties of CaO-SiO2-B2O3 glass doped with Sm3+ .
Ye Renguan[4] prepared a Eu2+/Sm3+ co-doped silicate glass and the result of the experiment indicate it to be a potential materials for white light-emitting diodes (WLED).Sun Ting [5] proved an organic material HTTA a good ligand of Sm3+ for red fluorescence.
Very strong luminescence at around 599nm is observed in glass-ceramics , This indicates glass-ceramics a better host for Sm3+ than precursor glass and a hopeful laser material.
References [1] Haiyan Jiao, Yuhua Wang, Jiachi Zhang: Journal of Inorgnic Material Vol.23-3 (2008), p.471,in Chinese [2] Pengtu Shi, Xiaosu Xiong, Hongjun Chen, Huiyan Liu, Yimin Cheng: Chinese Rare Earth Vol.31-2 (2010), p.1,in Chinese [3] Baoxiang La,Yao Han, Bingyu Lu, Yuhua Lu: , Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.14-1(1993),p.53,in Chinese [4] Renguang Ye, Shiqing Xu, Youjie Hua, Zhiguang Cui, Degang Deng, Huanping Wang, Shilong Zhao,　 Lihui Huang: Acta Optica Sinica Vol.30-7 (2008), p.1878,in Chinese [5] Sun Ting, Yaoxiang Wang, Weijian Tian, Xinglong Zhang, Huixia Yu, Lili Wang, Changqing Huang, Min Jing:Acta Optica Sinica Vol.34-11 (2005), p.1654,in Chinese [6] Huaidong Jin, Weidong Xiang, Xiaojuan Liang, Haiyu Huang, Wei Hua, Yongjun Dong:Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earth Vol.29-3 (2011), p.331,in Chinese [7] Jinshu Cheng, Peijing Tian, Liying Tang, Jian Quan:Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society Vol.36-7(2008),p.1013,in Chinese [8] Peijing Tian, Gaoke Zhang
, Ye Liu: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol.33-8(2010),p.56,in Chinese [9] Hongbo Zhang, Ping Wu, Chunhui Su, Xiangyu Zou, Yimin Wang:The 7th Function Meterial and Application Academic Conference (China,2010)

Materials and Methods 2.1.
Materials TiO2 (P25) powder was procured from Evonik Industries, Germany having average particle size of 30nm, purity was 97% and anatase to rutile ratio was 80:20.
Mohamed, Review Article An Overview on the Photocatalytic Activity of Nano-Doped-TiO2 in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants, International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Materials Science, Vol. 2011, Article ID 261219-18
Song, Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Cu2+ doped TiO2/SiO2, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 16 (2009) no 2, 220–225
Sundararajan, Preparation and Characterization of Ni-Doped TiO2 Materials for Photocurrent and Photocatalytic Applications, The Scientific World Journal (2012) Article ID 127326, 1-16

And some exploratory experiments based on simulation materials were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of this method.
Experiment of Simulation Materials HR-2 uncooled medical infrared thermal imager is used in this experiment.
Measurements are conducted in three same simulation materials,named A,B andC.
[2] Wei Zhen, Tong Mingjiang.Biological and physical mechanism diagnosis in medical infrared thermal imaging [J] .Life Science Instruments, Volume 3, 2005 /Issue 2: 20-22
Journal of Anhui University of Technology. 2006,23 (3): 313-314

It has been used for the processing and fabrication of a wide variety of advanced ceramic materials and because of the high versatility of use with different materials and their combinations as well as its cost-effectiveness [3] and its ability to produce films on substrate of complex shapes and large dimensions [4].
Tassel, C.A.Randall, Key Engineering Materials, 314 (2006) 167-173 [2] A.R.
Liu: Journal of Power Sources 173 (2007) 130-136 [4] I.
Liu: Progress in Material Science (2006) 3-20 [6] R.
Greenwood: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 106 (2003) 55-81 [7] H.

Gao, NanoStructured Materials, 11 (1999) 1073-1080
Kohtoku, Journal of Materials Science, 33 (1998) 1217-1225
Waku, Science and Techn. of Adv.
Rajeswari, Biological Evaluation of Bioceramic Materials - A Review, Trends Biomater.
Santos, Porous glass reinforced hydroxyapatite materials produced with different organic additives, J Non-Cryst Solids. 304 (2002) 286–292.

The materials’ mechanical parameters are provided in Table 1.
Table 1 Mechanical physical parameters of bridge materials Materials Density (kg/m3) Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson Ratio Thermal Expansion Coefficient (×10-5/℃) Steel Cable 7850 19500 0.3 1.2 C50 Concrete 2600 5000 0.23 Fig. 1 Bridge beam section Fig. 3 Finite element model of structure Fig. 2 Models of reinforced bridge and steel cables (a) Load position for Load case 1 (b) Load position for Load case 2 (c) Load position for Load case 3 Fig. 4 Three static load cases Result and Discussion Three load cases discussed above are investigated through FEM using ABAQUS software.
All of these results meet both the design and material strength requirements.
Wang, Time-Dependent Emulation Analysis on Pre-stressed Curved Continuous Concrete Bridges during Construction and Open to Traffic, China Railway Science, Vol. 28 (2007) No. 4 p. 61 (In Chinese)
Ren, Simulation Analysis of the Pre-stressing Effect on the Curved Box Girder Bridge, Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), Vol.32 (2004) No. 12 p. 47 (In Chinese)

The samples of nominal composition Zr55Ni5Al10Cu30 and Zr50Cu50 used in this work were prepared by arc melting with high purity materials.
References [1] Tan H, Materials Transactions, JIM Vol. 42 (2001), p. 551
[2] Inoue A, Materials Transactions, JIM Vol. 30 (1989), p. 965
[3] Peker A, Materials Science and Engineering: A Vol. 179-180 (1994), p. 173
Rare Metal Materials and Engineering Vol. 23(2007), p. 589 [8] Y.