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The main challenges are [2]: - Membrane fouling: further understanding the mechanisms of membrane fouling and development of more effective and easier methods to control and minimize membrane fouling; - Pretreatment: effective methods to limit membrane clogging and operational failures; - Membrane lifespan: increasing membrane mechanical and chemical stability; - Cost: reducing costs for maintenance and replacement of membranes, energy requirement and labor requirements; - Plant capacity: scaling up for large plants.
Membrane fouling reduces long term flux stability and implies membrane cleaning, which increases the overall cost, or may even require membrane replacement in the cases where cleaning fails to recover the adequate flux properties [4].
There are many factors affecting membrane fouling, such as membrane and module operating conditions [5], and biomass characteristics (including suspended solids and extra-cellular polymeric substances, EPS's).
Both nutrient supply and available contact time affect bacterial growth rate; these two parameters are inter-related.

Introduction Due to the differences in the external environment such as temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, acid rain and other factors, both corrosion and aging have an impact on aircraft in service.
What’s more, surface treatment and coating defects, extra material blocking in the drainage hole may lead to localized corrosion, which will affect the organizational structure of the material properties and initiate fatigue crack.
Indeed aeronautical structures, such as wings or fuselage riveted lap- joints, undergo strong mechanical constraints.
Signal of near-surface defect returns earlier than the deep defect, so the near-surface defect affects the early stage of the sensor signal and deeply buried defect affects the latter part of the sensor signal.

Mechanical Properties of Steels.
This circumstance is used to improve the properties of steel after surface plasma hardening.
Lyuftev, Peculiarities of Structuring and Properties Development when Plasma Processing of Carbon Steel, Steel in Translation, 2 (2003) 65-67
Zaimovskiy, Structure and mechanical properties of metals, Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1987
Plokhov, Steel Properties after Controlled Heat Plastic Strengthening when Structuring at macro-, meso- and nanolevels, Izvestiya vuzov, Chernaya Metallurgiya, 4 (2010) 37-40

The results show that besides carbon black volume fraction, sand-binder ratio is a key factor affecting double percolation behavior in carbon black-filled cement-based composites.
Among this kind of new functional materials, carbon black-filled cement-based composites (CBCC) and carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites (CFRC) stand out and show excellent mechanical and electrical performance.
In order to utilize CBCC as a kind of functional materials into practice, its electrically conductive property needs to be studied systematically.
This is mainly because that at a fixed carbon black volume fraction in mortar, even though high sand-binder ratio obstructs the percolation of cement paste though aggregates, the carbon black particles are almost limited in the cement paste, a relative small colloid space, due to the impenetrable microstructure of aggregate, that is, the carbon black content in paste is compacted and large amount of conductive paths in the paste are generated by lapped adjacent carbon black particles, so the conductive property of carbon black-filled cement paste will be enhanced.

The small particle size distributions in nanoemulsion resulted the good properties of nanoemulsion in term of large surface area.
Surfactant can produce, modify or control the foam, compatibilize the formulation components and modifying the viscosity of the fluid properties.
Graves, “Nanoemulsion:formation, structure and physical properties”, Journal of Physic: Condensed Matter, vol 18, pp.
Do, “Determination of factors controlling the particle size in nanoemulsions using artificial neural networks”, Eur.J.Pharm.Sci. vol. 35, pp. 42-51, 2008
Fahmy, "Factors influencing the recovery of petroleum from unconsolidated sands by waterflooding, SPE 927318-G Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum engineers, pp. 318-335, 1927

This paper briefly reviews to better understand the fundamental properties of Sn whisker growth and at the same time discover the effective mitigation practices for whisker growth in green electronic devices.
Properties of Tin Whisker The Sn whisker generally refers to the thin filamentary growths of single crystal that grow out of Sn-based coatings used to protect conductors in electronics manufacturing.
The origin of the compressive stress can be mechanical, thermal, and chemical.
This is consistent with a previous study by Baated et al. who concluded that alloying elements in the Sn coatings strongly affected the shape and structure of the Sn grains, which seem to be key factors for whisker formation [25].
These modifications by alloying are often characterized by microstructural refinement and improvements in physical or functional properties.

Narayana Rao3,c, DVA Rama Sastry4,d 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, DMS SVH College of Engineering, Machilipatnam, India 2National Institute of Technology, AP, India 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, KL University, Guntur, India atadepalli.ravikumar@gmail.com, bdirector@nitandhra.ac.in, cmehod.dmssvhce@gmail.com ddvarsastry@gmail.com Keywords: Passive, Semi active suspension controls; Magnetorheological dampers; skyhook, ground hook Abstract: The rail irregularities and wheel-rail interactions in a train running at high speeds may result in large-amplitude vibration in the train's car body and affect passengers by reducing ride comfort.
Hence, the vibrations of the railway vehicle are considered to be the main factor in determining the ride comfort.
Mrdr = - ( Fssztr + Fssztl ) + ( Fpsz3r + Fpsz3l ) + (Fpsz4r + Fpsz4l) …(7) I4Φ2 = (Fssxtr + Fssxtl)h2 + (Fpsx3r + Fpsx3l)h3 + (Fpsx4r + Fpsx4l)h3 - (Fpsz3r + Fpsz3l)v + (Fpsz + Fpsz4l)v …(8) I3δ = -(Fssytr + Fssytl)h2 - (Fssztr - Fssztl)m - (Fpsy3r + Fpsy4r)h3 - (Fpsy3l + Fpsy4l)h3 + (Fpsz3r + Fpsz4r)n - (Fpsz3l + Fpsz4l)n …(9) (b) EoM with MR dampers Four MR dampers were installed in secondary suspension in place of traditional viscous dampers as part of the research to see if the damping properties improved for ride comfort.
Since the objective is to achieve better ride performance parameters, which are affected by sprung mass acceleration, displacement and suspension travel of the system, these parameters are assessed for different currents of MR damper using skyhook (α=1), ground hook (α=0), and hybrid (α=0.85) control strategies.
Properties and Applications of Commercial Magnetorheological Fluids Proc. 1998 SPIE 3327, Smart Structures and Materials 1998: Passive Damping and Isolation (L.

To give a clearer insight about random properties of circular concrete-filled steel tube, reliability analysis is carried in the present study.
However, it should be noted that those parameters which influence the mechanical behaviors of CFT structures, always possess random nature.
The following material properties are employed in deterministic analysis: compressive strength of unconfined concrete fc=36.30MPa, elastic modulus of concrete E0=32.50GPa, strain corresponding to peak stress of unconfined concrete ε0=0.0022, yield strength of steel fy=343.55MPa, and elastic modulus of steel Es=200.00GPa.
This phenomenon may be affected by the increasing of eccentricity, bending moment will lead the failure of column gradually, therefore, the influence of uncertainty of fy on structure reliability enhances.
The material properties given in Example 1 are also adopted.

Recent investigations indicated that the nature of microstructure near the dendritic and grain boundaries is one of the most important factors to influence the creep properties of magnesium alloys [19].
The weakening of boundaries due to the segregation of solutes should therefore be taken seriously when considering the factors to influence the creep properties of magnesium alloys.
The grain size is one of the most important microstructural factors to influence the creep properties.
In Mg-Al alloys, the addition of Ca, Sr and RE raises the creep properties.
Price and castability are important factors to be considered when developing creep-resistant magnesium alloys.

The properties of obtained SPI membranes were investigated, such as water uptake, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and permeability of vanadium ion.
An ideal proton conductive membrane should possess high proton conductivity, low vanadium ion permeability, excellent chemical stability, high mechanical strength and low price [3].
And their properties including water uptake, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and permeability of vanadium ion were investigated and compared with NafionÒ membrane.
Oxidative stability The oxidative stability is another significant factor affecting the membrane performance.
Some properties such as WU, IEC, proton conductivity and vanadium ion V (Ⅳ) permeability of SPI membrane were determined and compared with NafionÒ 117.