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This is because that the high concentration of Ferrite/Bainite, Ferrite/tempered martensite inter-phase boundaries, and grain boundaries can be the preferential sites for crack nucleation and propagation [6].
This is because that microstructure of P110 steel is closely full tempered martensite, and the ferrite also includes much dislocation besides a large number of fine carbide particles, both of them form dimples by the manner of the growth and coalescence of microvoids, which results in appearing of a large number of smaller dimples on the impact fracture surface of P110 steel.

In general, however, carbide distributes inhomogeneously in the grain boundaries and on the dislocations.
On the basis of the wave length, the wave number of the modulated structure, ( 2 )mm  , is obtained.
Following Cahn's spinodal theory [2, 3], the square of the observed wave number, 2 m , decreases linearly with increasing temperature (T) and the temperature at 2 0m  gives the critical temperature (Ts) occurring the spinodal decomposition.

The number of measurement has a positive effect on the finial result, which can improve the measurement precise, however, the number of measurement also increases the measurement time.
And the grain features were readily observed.

Current advances in MLCC fabrication process require more fine-grained and highly-crystallized BTO powders.
Brillion-zone sampling with a k-point mesh of 6×6×6 was used for the BTO unit cell with tetragonal P4mm symmetry, and reduced sampling numbers according to supercell sizes were adopted in the supercell calculations.
The nature of defects and impurities are often discussed with the defect formation energies, and we evaluated the formation energy of the VO as: (1) where Etot[n(a chemical formula); q] represents the total energy of supercells containing n formula units with charge state q, and δ is the number of VO within the supercell.

However, the collagen fibers as a natural biological polymer materials, has good mechanical properties and a large number of active groups such as carboxyl, amidogen and guanidine [2].
Program of experiments of preparation Experiment number Chrome-tanned collagen fiber (g) Polyurethane (MP-812) (g) Dimethyl formamide DMF(g) NO.1 0 5 10 NO.2 0.4 5 10 NO.3 0.8 5 10 NO.4 1.2 5 10 NO.5 1.6 5 10 NO.6 2.0 5 10 NO.7 2.4 5 10 In accordance to the program of experiments in Tab.1, a certain amount of DMF, PU and Chrome-tanned collagen fibers were mixed, bubbles in mixture were removed under vacuum.
Fig.1 and Fig.2 indicated that both of the films have dense grain and smooth surface, and can see the pore diameter less than 50μm, and distribution of pore is evenly.

The number of cracks had influence to the electrodes’ electricity catalytic activity and corrosion resistance.
The increase of the cracks’ number could enlarge the electrode effective area, and then improved the electrodes’ activity.
The average diameters were obtained by means of the Scherrer equation (d = ka/bcosθ, where β is the line broadening (β=βs–β0, where βs and β0 are the half-widths of the XRD peaks of the sample and of the bulk material), k is related to the crystallite shape (k=0.89), and α and θ are the radiation wavelength and Bragg angle, respectively).The Coating grain size of the Homemade electrode is 5nm by the Scherrer equation.

(7) According to the analysis above, impact factors on grinding force for single abrasive consist of Reynolds number Re of abrasive flow, material flow rate U, the pressure gradient ▽P when abrasive flowing, abrasive particle size d, ξ is shape factor of abrasive.
As far as the whole abrasive in abrasive flow is concerned, abrasive number ψ of unit grinding material must be taken into account in contact with the surface of part.
Conclusions The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of movement of abrasive flow: (1) Because the abrasive flow is viscoelastic fluid, the total normal stress tensor on wall is less than the total normal stress tensor in the direction of flowing; (2) Slippage on wall is one of the necessary conditions in abrasive flow machining; (3) In the processing of abrasive flow, viscosity coefficient of abrasive flow, grinding coefficient of abrasive grain and first normal-stress difference are the main factors influencing slippage on wall; (4) The grinding force in slip is proportional to the force of the entrance; the grinding force of unit length will increase tempestuously in the direction of flow with the decreasing slip height.

A small number of long strips of reinforcement could be seen in Fig.1 (a), (b), but could not seen in (c), (d).
Meanwhile, grain defects and distortion would form more micro-battery, therefore, it would facilitate the nucleate of pitting, in the weight loss of composite materials would increase, corrosion resistance would deteriorate.
When the enhance particles increased to 10%, due to the intermetallic compounds with high corrosion resistance, which would interrupt the continuity of the matrix, inhibit the further expansion of pitting corrosion, making the number of composite pitting more, the diameter of the pits was small and light, therefore, the total weight loss is smaller, corrosion resistance of composite materials would be greatly enhanced.

Efficiency Let k be the number of attributes with respect to identity ID. p is bilinear pairing in G1. sk denotes private key.
In addition, the number of group elements in a private key or in a signature grows linearly with the size of the identity.
Waters, Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained accesscontrol of encrypted data, Proc. of CCS, New York, ACM Press, pp. 221-238(2006)

The number of cycles for an aircraft component, up to in-service fatigue failure, determines by the S-N curve in dependence on the cyclic loads conditions.
Al-based alloys under uniaxial cyclic loads, with surface state without dramatic roughness or with residual stresses in the surface layer because of its surface hardening by the well-known shot-peening procedure, had several types of subsurface origins in area of VHCF, Fig.1: (1) triple point of interacted grains; (2) area ahead of the porosity; (3) smooth facet with or without small particles.
Number “1-3” in (b) pointed out zones of local X-ray analyses of material composition.