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Online since: March 2007
Authors: Toshio Fukushima
A number of
ecomaterial-type building materials have been gradually developed.
Table 1 Classification of building materials from the viewpoint of their resource origin Table 2 Part of eco-life-cycle matrix of classification of eco-material type building materials Building Materials Resource Basic Material Structural materials Non-structural materials Wood ・Natural Wood, ・Natural Rubber ・Pulp ・Structural Wood ・Earthquake-free Rubber ・Interior Wood ・Wall Paper Grass ・Straw ・Miscanthus Reed ・Roofing Grain ・Starch ・Glue Animal ・Wool ・Fur ・Insulation ・Carpet 1.
Table 3 shows Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators by rating numbers of five indices.
Table 3 Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators Evaluation Indicator of eco-balance performance Rating number 12 34 5 Characteristics of Long service life 1) Structural materials and components 15-30year 30-45year 45-60year 60-75year 75-100year 2) Exterior and interior materials 5-10year 10-15year 15-20year 20-25uear 25-30year Characteristics of resources circulation Recycling indicator = Recycling ratio×Recycing numbe r 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Characteristics of improvement of resources/environment capacities Improvement ratio of resources/environment capacities 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of materials efficiency Improvement ratio of materials efficiency 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of health safety Number of the human race feeling the health damage per 1000 ones 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20
Conf. on EcoBalance, p. 279 (Ecomaterials Forum, The Society of Non-traditional Technology 2005) Component materials Initial performance Po (MPa) Ratio of reduction of performance r Critical performanc e Pcr (MPa) Performance after repeated partial recycling n times Pn (MP a) Recycling number n (times) Exterior GFRC 30(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 9.8 5 Exterior PAN-CFRC 20(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 8.2 4 Recyclable FRP 1) CF/PC 312(Flexural strength) 0.2 90 102 5 2) GF/PC 169(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 69 4 3) CF/PVC 189Flexural strength) ) 0.2 90 96 3 4) GF/PVC 173(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 71 4 Concrete 100(Compressive strength) 0.2 50 51.2 3
Table 1 Classification of building materials from the viewpoint of their resource origin Table 2 Part of eco-life-cycle matrix of classification of eco-material type building materials Building Materials Resource Basic Material Structural materials Non-structural materials Wood ・Natural Wood, ・Natural Rubber ・Pulp ・Structural Wood ・Earthquake-free Rubber ・Interior Wood ・Wall Paper Grass ・Straw ・Miscanthus Reed ・Roofing Grain ・Starch ・Glue Animal ・Wool ・Fur ・Insulation ・Carpet 1.
Table 3 shows Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators by rating numbers of five indices.
Table 3 Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators Evaluation Indicator of eco-balance performance Rating number 12 34 5 Characteristics of Long service life 1) Structural materials and components 15-30year 30-45year 45-60year 60-75year 75-100year 2) Exterior and interior materials 5-10year 10-15year 15-20year 20-25uear 25-30year Characteristics of resources circulation Recycling indicator = Recycling ratio×Recycing numbe r 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Characteristics of improvement of resources/environment capacities Improvement ratio of resources/environment capacities 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of materials efficiency Improvement ratio of materials efficiency 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of health safety Number of the human race feeling the health damage per 1000 ones 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20
Conf. on EcoBalance, p. 279 (Ecomaterials Forum, The Society of Non-traditional Technology 2005) Component materials Initial performance Po (MPa) Ratio of reduction of performance r Critical performanc e Pcr (MPa) Performance after repeated partial recycling n times Pn (MP a) Recycling number n (times) Exterior GFRC 30(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 9.8 5 Exterior PAN-CFRC 20(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 8.2 4 Recyclable FRP 1) CF/PC 312(Flexural strength) 0.2 90 102 5 2) GF/PC 169(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 69 4 3) CF/PVC 189Flexural strength) ) 0.2 90 96 3 4) GF/PVC 173(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 71 4 Concrete 100(Compressive strength) 0.2 50 51.2 3
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Zhi Zhang Wang, Li Chang Wang, Hai Ying Han
As to the further development, it still remains a challenge to reinterpret and identify the large number of drilled formations as well as to discover new productive gas formations.
Moreover, the rock composition is complex that it is mainly composed of coarse grain lithic sandstone, lithic quartz sandstone and quartz sandstone as well as glutinite and little feldspathic lithic sandstone, resulting in the low accuracy of the three-porosity overlap method.
If Si is the sample number of category Ci, then the amount of information needed to classify a given data object is: I(s1,s2,…,sm)= –
Table 2 Sample numbers in identification Categories Sample number in the first calculation Sample number in the second calculation Sample number in the third calculation Type 1 65 65 65 Type 2 141 141 141 Type 3 285 285 285 Type 4 882 - - Type 5 379 379 - Type 6 41 41 41 Type 7 12 12 12 All 1805 923 544 Fig. 3 indicates that although the first global identification rate is 82.4%, it varies largely among different categories that the global identification rates of super-low yield formation and dry formation are less than 70%.
To dry formation, the relatively limited sample numbers and the insensitivity of its logging curves toward dry formation account for its low right identification rate of less than 80% in the third identification.
Moreover, the rock composition is complex that it is mainly composed of coarse grain lithic sandstone, lithic quartz sandstone and quartz sandstone as well as glutinite and little feldspathic lithic sandstone, resulting in the low accuracy of the three-porosity overlap method.
If Si is the sample number of category Ci, then the amount of information needed to classify a given data object is: I(s1,s2,…,sm)= –
Table 2 Sample numbers in identification Categories Sample number in the first calculation Sample number in the second calculation Sample number in the third calculation Type 1 65 65 65 Type 2 141 141 141 Type 3 285 285 285 Type 4 882 - - Type 5 379 379 - Type 6 41 41 41 Type 7 12 12 12 All 1805 923 544 Fig. 3 indicates that although the first global identification rate is 82.4%, it varies largely among different categories that the global identification rates of super-low yield formation and dry formation are less than 70%.
To dry formation, the relatively limited sample numbers and the insensitivity of its logging curves toward dry formation account for its low right identification rate of less than 80% in the third identification.
Online since: February 2015
Authors: Jian Shuang Liu, Lin Zhang, Fang Fang Zhu, Fei Lu
The density of oxygen vacancies increased dramatically after annealing at 900 °C due to appearance of a large number of SiO2, which shifts the La 3d5/3 peak to high binding energy.
This is due to the present of a large number of SiO2 at the interface after 900 °C annealing which have lager valence band and enlarger the value of whole film.
First, the structure of the La2O3 film transformed from amorphous to crystallites after annealing (the x-ray diffraction figure is not shown in this article) and the grain boundary of crystal make up a current path which enlarge the leakage current.
The maximum value of valence band slowly increases with the increase of temperatures from 600 to 800 oC and reaches a larger number at 900 oC.
The flat band voltage became more negative, illustrating the number of the oxygen vacancy in the La2O3 films increases while annealing at high temperature.
This is due to the present of a large number of SiO2 at the interface after 900 °C annealing which have lager valence band and enlarger the value of whole film.
First, the structure of the La2O3 film transformed from amorphous to crystallites after annealing (the x-ray diffraction figure is not shown in this article) and the grain boundary of crystal make up a current path which enlarge the leakage current.
The maximum value of valence band slowly increases with the increase of temperatures from 600 to 800 oC and reaches a larger number at 900 oC.
The flat band voltage became more negative, illustrating the number of the oxygen vacancy in the La2O3 films increases while annealing at high temperature.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Zuzana Rácová, Richard Wasserbauer, Ivana Loušová, Marek Lecák
Fast drying and wetting produces forces that lead up to the loosening of grains in building stone [6].
The total number of chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the BBM culture medium was roughly identified, plus its pH value (HI 9017 pH meter, HANNA Instruments).
Unicellular organisms and organisms forming colonies were found in larger numbers than phototrophs of filamentous forms.
The lowest numbers of cyanobacteria were found on the building which was most maintained, while the highest numbers of them were found on its damp and untreated spots where filamentous forms were also identified together with unicellular cyanobacteria.
Table 1 pH levels, total numbers of bacteria and mould in 1 ml of the BBM culture medium.
The total number of chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the BBM culture medium was roughly identified, plus its pH value (HI 9017 pH meter, HANNA Instruments).
Unicellular organisms and organisms forming colonies were found in larger numbers than phototrophs of filamentous forms.
The lowest numbers of cyanobacteria were found on the building which was most maintained, while the highest numbers of them were found on its damp and untreated spots where filamentous forms were also identified together with unicellular cyanobacteria.
Table 1 pH levels, total numbers of bacteria and mould in 1 ml of the BBM culture medium.
Online since: December 2010
Authors: Chang Bing Chen
Introduction
Silos are structures that have always concerned mankind due to their capacity to store bulk solid, such as grain, coal, cement and so on.
Only when the aspect ratio δ is very small numbers to nearly 0, the rupture plane can meet the top of the stored bulk materials.
Only when the aspect ratio δ is very small numbers to nearly 0, the rupture plane can meet the top of the stored bulk materials.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Qing He, Xiao Yan Chen
They have implement application researches of it and has made some achievements in image enhancement, grain analysis, image compression and image fusion [4].
In case that it meets the condition, then (4) In case that it doesn’t meets the condition, then let , and return to step (b) (3) Calculate the residual volume: (5) In case that maximum values equals to or is more than 2 or the decomposed IMF number doesn’t meet the requirement, theshall be taken as new data and return to Step (2), letting
In case that it meets the condition, then (4) In case that it doesn’t meets the condition, then let , and return to step (b) (3) Calculate the residual volume: (5) In case that maximum values equals to or is more than 2 or the decomposed IMF number doesn’t meet the requirement, theshall be taken as new data and return to Step (2), letting
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Chi Yu, Xiu Hua Gao, Ping Wang, Xi Xi Niu, Chun Lin Qiu, Lin Xiu Du, Hong Wei Wang
The acicular ferrite is also observed in A2 steel as well as ferrite and granular bainite, the metallographic figure of A2 COT steel shows that the ferrite and bainite grains are fine and uniform.
A2 fracture surface is large and deep equiaxed dimples at -20℃, and more evenly distributed and the number is greater, so the metal has good impact performance.
A2 fracture surface is large and deep equiaxed dimples at -20℃, and more evenly distributed and the number is greater, so the metal has good impact performance.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Jian Zhong Cui, Ke Qin, Hui Xue Jiang
Schematic diagrams of the casting process at (a) initial and (b) steady states
Table 1 Casting parameters of the composite ingot
Casting temperature
[℃{TTP}8451
]
Casting speed
[mm/min]
Water flow rate
[L/min]
3004 aluminun alloy695
4045 aluminun alloy:680
70
80
Table 2 Nominal composition of 3004 and 4045 alloys
Elements
Mn
Mg
Si
Fe
Al
3004 Wt%
4045 Wt%
1.5
0.05
1.2
0.05
0.3
10
0.7
0.8
Balanced
Balanced
To study the temperature field around the composite interface during the casting process, temperature in the interface and in the cooling plate was measured, measurement points in different positions are corresponded to thermal couples with different number.
It can be seen that in the 4045 alloy some needle-like primary silicon crystals (black part) are distributed at the boundaries of the coarse α-Al grains (white part); whereas in the 3004 alloy some manganese particles (black dots) are embedded in the α-Al matrix (white part).
It can be seen that in the 4045 alloy some needle-like primary silicon crystals (black part) are distributed at the boundaries of the coarse α-Al grains (white part); whereas in the 3004 alloy some manganese particles (black dots) are embedded in the α-Al matrix (white part).
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Anna G. Knyazeva, Alexsey Pobol, George Goranskyi, S.N. Sorokova
Therefore significantly reduces the possibility of the grain growth.
As the number of points of computational mesh of this axis is fixed at this step leads to the change and the need to consider the calculation grid deformations in equations (1) - (5).
As the number of points of computational mesh of this axis is fixed at this step leads to the change and the need to consider the calculation grid deformations in equations (1) - (5).