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Online since: July 2013
Authors: San Xue Guo, Xing Yu Liu
Based on the formula,tangential stress, radial stress, axial stress is as follows:
(1)
The paper thickness and plastic thickness is (0.0225 +0.17) mm,the diameter of the n-layer paper and paper-length formula is as follows:
(2)
Calculating (1) and (2),the layer number is 8.The average shell diameter is 21.5mm,the average circumference La=67mm.So the theory length of the rolling layer is 537.57mm.L = 546.5972mm,which means that 1.5mm rolling shell requires 547mm thickness of power cable paper.
2) Shell strength: the longitudinal tensile strength of power cable paper is 13KN/m,transverse tensile strength is 6.5KN/m,paper thickness h is 0.17mm±0.008mm,the paper width cross-sectional area S is 170mm2, the tensile strength of 1m wide paper is 6.5KN[5],pull strength is 38.29MPa.The shell radius r is 10mm; wall thickness h is 1.5mm.Based on cylinder strength theory
C.Pharmacy to suppress Propellant uses pressing process of a number of partial pressure.According to the density of black powder and to suppress the pressure relationship[8],as shown in Table 1,combined with the pressure of drug trials,when the pressure reaches 300MPa the shell is broken.When the shell pressure reaches 200MPa and 250MPa, the shell consistency is better,the charge density respectively reach 1.75g/cm3 and 1.78g/cm3,so 250MPa pressure should be selected.The propellant grain density is 1.78g/cm3.With center hole to suppress,the pore diameter is 4mm,hole depth is 1mm.
Fig.6 Launch control board Experiment Agumentation A.launch from the test Riot shell launcher fixed on a flat ground,filled with group A riot shell launcher,loading position number for a group of riot shell,the assembly of the ignition head and the transmitter circuit.Observe the riot were fired missile body placement record,and measure the placement of the horizontal distance.Circuit testing and launch status are shown in Fig.7,Fig.8.The results shown in Table 2.
Fig.7 Circuit test Fig.8 The launch state of anti-violent rocket The projectile fired by riot test,group A riot shell can be successfully launched,each fired two symmetrical positions riot shell,the control circuit to achieve the remote control transmitter of the riot shell,circuit design is reasonable and reliable.The latch spring 7a number of transmitter failure due to multiple use,can not be fixed riot shell,causing riot fired distance.7a transmitter spring to be replaced,refilled the riot were fired riot shell smooth launch,the placement distance of 10.9 meters,in line with the standard of the predetermined range.
TABLE 2 THE RANGE TEST RESULTS OF ANTI-VIOLENT ROCKET NO. 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b Range 10.7m 10.6m 10.9m 10.6m 10.9m 10.6m 11.0m 10.6m 10.9m 10.8m 11.2m 11.2m NO. 7a 7b 8a 8b 9a 9b 10a 10b 11a 11b 12a 12b Range 16.4m 11.4m 11.2m 10.9m 11.4m 11.6m 11.6m 11.7m 11.2m 11.8m 11.6m 11.6m B.control from the test Filled riot of group B shell launchers,riot shell group B number,loaded with riot shell UAV take-off,unobstructed straight-line distance,respectively,in accordance with distance cast staff of 100 m,200 m,400 m,600 m,800 m,900 m location remote launch two riot shell.According to the group B anti-riot shell test results,in the first group of riot rounds, the location of 900 meters is not a smooth launch, the other is smoothly launched.Analyzing the far distance of 900 meters,the maximum distance of remote control transmitter is overstepped.Thus the signal is poor and choopy,resulting that the first group of anti-riot shells are not smooth launched.Adjust the position to
C.Pharmacy to suppress Propellant uses pressing process of a number of partial pressure.According to the density of black powder and to suppress the pressure relationship[8],as shown in Table 1,combined with the pressure of drug trials,when the pressure reaches 300MPa the shell is broken.When the shell pressure reaches 200MPa and 250MPa, the shell consistency is better,the charge density respectively reach 1.75g/cm3 and 1.78g/cm3,so 250MPa pressure should be selected.The propellant grain density is 1.78g/cm3.With center hole to suppress,the pore diameter is 4mm,hole depth is 1mm.
Fig.6 Launch control board Experiment Agumentation A.launch from the test Riot shell launcher fixed on a flat ground,filled with group A riot shell launcher,loading position number for a group of riot shell,the assembly of the ignition head and the transmitter circuit.Observe the riot were fired missile body placement record,and measure the placement of the horizontal distance.Circuit testing and launch status are shown in Fig.7,Fig.8.The results shown in Table 2.
Fig.7 Circuit test Fig.8 The launch state of anti-violent rocket The projectile fired by riot test,group A riot shell can be successfully launched,each fired two symmetrical positions riot shell,the control circuit to achieve the remote control transmitter of the riot shell,circuit design is reasonable and reliable.The latch spring 7a number of transmitter failure due to multiple use,can not be fixed riot shell,causing riot fired distance.7a transmitter spring to be replaced,refilled the riot were fired riot shell smooth launch,the placement distance of 10.9 meters,in line with the standard of the predetermined range.
TABLE 2 THE RANGE TEST RESULTS OF ANTI-VIOLENT ROCKET NO. 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b Range 10.7m 10.6m 10.9m 10.6m 10.9m 10.6m 11.0m 10.6m 10.9m 10.8m 11.2m 11.2m NO. 7a 7b 8a 8b 9a 9b 10a 10b 11a 11b 12a 12b Range 16.4m 11.4m 11.2m 10.9m 11.4m 11.6m 11.6m 11.7m 11.2m 11.8m 11.6m 11.6m B.control from the test Filled riot of group B shell launchers,riot shell group B number,loaded with riot shell UAV take-off,unobstructed straight-line distance,respectively,in accordance with distance cast staff of 100 m,200 m,400 m,600 m,800 m,900 m location remote launch two riot shell.According to the group B anti-riot shell test results,in the first group of riot rounds, the location of 900 meters is not a smooth launch, the other is smoothly launched.Analyzing the far distance of 900 meters,the maximum distance of remote control transmitter is overstepped.Thus the signal is poor and choopy,resulting that the first group of anti-riot shells are not smooth launched.Adjust the position to
Online since: January 2009
Authors: Qi Chi Le, Jian Zhong Cui, Zhi Qiang Zhang, Shou Wei Chang
The inclusions always
present at the matrix or grain boundary with shapes of film, particle or cluster, which would reduce
their processing properties and service properties markedly [2].
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the relationship between purification and the mesh number per inch (the less mesh number per inch, the larger pore size of mesh), in which the values in zero point of horizontal axis were those samples without filtered at the corresponding temperature.
According to the experimental results show α changed with the mesh number per inch obviously and the change rule varied with the filtering temperature.
After elevating filtering temperature to 750°C, the large pore of mesh (8 meshes per inch) has poor purification effect as compared with the middle or the small pore of mesh (16 or 30 meshes per inch). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Area percentage of Inclusion/% Meshes/inch T650 o C T700 o C T750 o C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 dave/mm Meshes/inch T650 O C T700 O C T750 O C Table 1 Relationship between mesh pore size D and dave Mesh number per inch Mesh pore size, D /mm dave/mm Ratio of dave/D 8 3.18 1.02 0.32 16 1.59 0.64 0.40 20 1.27 0.39 0.31 30 0.85 0.37 0.44 At lower melt temperature, the large viscosity of melt and the oxidation random involvement may occurred would influence the separating of inclusion from melt.
The ratio of the mesh pore size D for different mesh number per inch with dave, listed in Table 1, ranges from 0.3 to 0.45. it indicates that there is obvious capillary effect as melt flows through the mesh pore during filtering process and the maximum diameter in the filtered melt is far smaller than the mesh pore size.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the relationship between purification and the mesh number per inch (the less mesh number per inch, the larger pore size of mesh), in which the values in zero point of horizontal axis were those samples without filtered at the corresponding temperature.
According to the experimental results show α changed with the mesh number per inch obviously and the change rule varied with the filtering temperature.
After elevating filtering temperature to 750°C, the large pore of mesh (8 meshes per inch) has poor purification effect as compared with the middle or the small pore of mesh (16 or 30 meshes per inch). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Area percentage of Inclusion/% Meshes/inch T650 o C T700 o C T750 o C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 dave/mm Meshes/inch T650 O C T700 O C T750 O C Table 1 Relationship between mesh pore size D and dave Mesh number per inch Mesh pore size, D /mm dave/mm Ratio of dave/D 8 3.18 1.02 0.32 16 1.59 0.64 0.40 20 1.27 0.39 0.31 30 0.85 0.37 0.44 At lower melt temperature, the large viscosity of melt and the oxidation random involvement may occurred would influence the separating of inclusion from melt.
The ratio of the mesh pore size D for different mesh number per inch with dave, listed in Table 1, ranges from 0.3 to 0.45. it indicates that there is obvious capillary effect as melt flows through the mesh pore during filtering process and the maximum diameter in the filtered melt is far smaller than the mesh pore size.
Online since: May 2004
Authors: S. Akkurt
Factors
affecting the corrosion of these bricks were previously investigated in a number of studies [1,3].
Some of the main corrosion parameters are the presence of a slag coating on the brick, the brick microstructure, the quality of brick components like periclase grains, type of antioxidants, graphite flakes, the resin used, thermomechanical loads, slag chemistry, viscosity and so on.
In the latter case, a large number of replications is required to get precision and a large spead of data (e.g.10-50% variation) is common.
Because of the limited number of experimental data only seven testing outputs were compared to measured data (Table 2).
Using an extension of this approach, large numbers of plant data on refractory recess thickness, slag chemistry, number of heats per day, type of steel, slag/steel volume ratio, tap-to-tap time and temperature, and the degree of mixing of ladle can be used to create a model to predict refractory corrosion.
Some of the main corrosion parameters are the presence of a slag coating on the brick, the brick microstructure, the quality of brick components like periclase grains, type of antioxidants, graphite flakes, the resin used, thermomechanical loads, slag chemistry, viscosity and so on.
In the latter case, a large number of replications is required to get precision and a large spead of data (e.g.10-50% variation) is common.
Because of the limited number of experimental data only seven testing outputs were compared to measured data (Table 2).
Using an extension of this approach, large numbers of plant data on refractory recess thickness, slag chemistry, number of heats per day, type of steel, slag/steel volume ratio, tap-to-tap time and temperature, and the degree of mixing of ladle can be used to create a model to predict refractory corrosion.
Online since: January 2007
Authors: Zoltán Gácsi, C. Hakan Gür, Andrea Makszimus, Tadeusz Pieczonka
Al-powder having three different average grain sizes (25, 100, 180 µm) and two different kinds of ß-SiC powder (10, 40 µm) were used in preparation of the mixtures. 5% pure Cu powder with an
average particle size of 50 µm was added to each mixture to promote densification during hot
pressing.
(a) Schematic graph showing the orientation and localization of measured frames, (b) microstructure of the hot-pressed sample, (c) microstructure of the cold pressed sample frame along the marking lines) the ratio of Al/SiC and porosity/solid areas, the number of SiC particles and pores and as well the anisotropy (Γ) have been determined.
Comparing the porosities of the samples it can be stated that a less number of pores with a larger size develop due to cold pressing and sintering procedure, however, hot pressing results in more 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,29 0,29 0,63 2,50 2,50 10,00 18,00 RPS Area fraction (%) 5 % SiC, CP 25 % SiC, CP 20 % SiC, HP v=20 K/min v=30 K/min Ni Ni Cu 0,000 0,020 0,040 0,060 0,080 0,100 0,120 0,140 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,29 0,29 0,63 2,50 2,50 10,00 18,00 RPS Pore number x 100 (µµµµm -2) 5 % SiC, CP 25 % SiC, CP 20 % SiC, HP v=20 K/min v=30 K/min Ni Ni Cu (a) (b) Fig. 2.
As a function of RPS (DAl/DSiC) (a) the average area fraction of porosity, (b) pore number 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Distance (mm) Anisotropy CP25SiC/Cu HPAl25SiC10 CP5SiC/Ni-20 CP5SiC-30 (a) ΓΓΓΓ < 1 (b) ΓΓΓΓ ≈ 1 (c) ГSiC Fig. 3.
This effect can be seen more clearly when powder mixture has a high RPS, which has also the greatest number of pores (Fig. 2).
(a) Schematic graph showing the orientation and localization of measured frames, (b) microstructure of the hot-pressed sample, (c) microstructure of the cold pressed sample frame along the marking lines) the ratio of Al/SiC and porosity/solid areas, the number of SiC particles and pores and as well the anisotropy (Γ) have been determined.
Comparing the porosities of the samples it can be stated that a less number of pores with a larger size develop due to cold pressing and sintering procedure, however, hot pressing results in more 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,29 0,29 0,63 2,50 2,50 10,00 18,00 RPS Area fraction (%) 5 % SiC, CP 25 % SiC, CP 20 % SiC, HP v=20 K/min v=30 K/min Ni Ni Cu 0,000 0,020 0,040 0,060 0,080 0,100 0,120 0,140 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,29 0,29 0,63 2,50 2,50 10,00 18,00 RPS Pore number x 100 (µµµµm -2) 5 % SiC, CP 25 % SiC, CP 20 % SiC, HP v=20 K/min v=30 K/min Ni Ni Cu (a) (b) Fig. 2.
As a function of RPS (DAl/DSiC) (a) the average area fraction of porosity, (b) pore number 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Distance (mm) Anisotropy CP25SiC/Cu HPAl25SiC10 CP5SiC/Ni-20 CP5SiC-30 (a) ΓΓΓΓ < 1 (b) ΓΓΓΓ ≈ 1 (c) ГSiC Fig. 3.
This effect can be seen more clearly when powder mixture has a high RPS, which has also the greatest number of pores (Fig. 2).
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Yong Gang Shi, Ping Sun, Wei Zhong, Hao Wen, Ju Ma
Table 2 The results of the real samples from different areas
Planting Area
Sample Number
AFB1
AFB2
AFG1
AFG2
Positive Number
Positive Rate/%
Positive Number
Positive Rate/%
Positive Number
Positive Rate/%
Positive Number
Positive Rate/%
Jinan
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Xishui
10
1
10
1
10
-
-
-
-
Shenxian
10
3
30
3
30
1
10
1
10
zhengzhou
10
1
10
1
10
-
-
-
-
Total
40
5
12.5
5
12.5
1
2.5
1
2.5
4 Conclusions
A new method was established, which use HPLC to determine AFT in peanuts through the aflatoxin Derivation with the help of eliminating impurities by Immune affinity column.
Rapid-determining aflatoxins in grain by HPLC with iodine precolumn derivation[J].
Rapid-determining aflatoxins in grain by HPLC with iodine precolumn derivation[J].
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim, Nor Mazlana Main, S.R. Masrol, Mohd Hilmi Othman, Sharmiza Adnan, Muhammad Safiuddin Syah Amir Shah, M.F. Esa
Then, the fibres were sieved by using chip classifier machine to remove the smallest pollen grain of the spikes.
KAPPA number of the pulp was determined according to TAPPI T-236 “Kappa Number of Pulp.
Unbeaten OPMFS pulps show Kappa number value of 9.35 and fibre length of 0.99 mm.
Characteristics of OPMFS fibre pulp Characteristics OPMFS Soda AQ Pulp (unbeaten) Moisture content (%) 76.5 Screen yield (%) 36.7 Kappa number 9.35 Fibre length (mm) 0.99 Physical and mechanical characteristics.
Tensile index, tearing index, bursting index and folding number for OPMFS paper sheet were enhanced by the increment of beating time.
KAPPA number of the pulp was determined according to TAPPI T-236 “Kappa Number of Pulp.
Unbeaten OPMFS pulps show Kappa number value of 9.35 and fibre length of 0.99 mm.
Characteristics of OPMFS fibre pulp Characteristics OPMFS Soda AQ Pulp (unbeaten) Moisture content (%) 76.5 Screen yield (%) 36.7 Kappa number 9.35 Fibre length (mm) 0.99 Physical and mechanical characteristics.
Tensile index, tearing index, bursting index and folding number for OPMFS paper sheet were enhanced by the increment of beating time.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Chun Hong Zhang, Nan Chang, Chen Li, Xin Hua Li
Infrared spectra were recorded using a FT-IR200 spectrometer (Thermo, USA) in the wave number region 400–4000 cm-1 using 32 scans at a 4 cm-1 of resolution.
If the hydrogen bonds strengthened, the stretching vibrational peak of hydroxyl moved to low wave number, the deformation vibrational peak of N-H moved to high wave number.
The absorption peak of 3354.20 cm-1 moved to high wave number, and absorption peak of 1549.00 cm-1 moved to low wave number.
[2] Yaping Wang and Yanxia An: Grain and Oil Vol. 36 (2011), p.1-4.
If the hydrogen bonds strengthened, the stretching vibrational peak of hydroxyl moved to low wave number, the deformation vibrational peak of N-H moved to high wave number.
The absorption peak of 3354.20 cm-1 moved to high wave number, and absorption peak of 1549.00 cm-1 moved to low wave number.
[2] Yaping Wang and Yanxia An: Grain and Oil Vol. 36 (2011), p.1-4.
Online since: December 2016
Authors: Xu Guang Zhao, San Yin Zhao, Zai Bo Li, Tu Sheng He
A large number of research indicate that basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), as an active additive, may be used to prepare high performance cementitious material [3, 4], and it possibly becomes an important approach of high effect recovery utilization of steel slag in the future.
For every granularity grade, the number of measured BOFS particle was not less than 500 to ensure the stability and accuracy of measuring results. 4) According to the following formula, statistical average value of RLB of steel slag granules in the same granularity grade was calculated to explore the relationship between sphericity and granularity of granule.
where, n is the number of measured granules; RLBi is the RLB value of single granule.
Granularity range /μm 0-2 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 >40 BOFS-W Number of particles 534 563 1390 1677 910 509 1024 Average value of RLB 1.496 1.422 1.452 1.472 1.481 1.446 1.483 BOFS-A Number of particles 1092 1207 1087 1349 1119 614 544 Average value of RLB 1.490 1.514 1.551 1.490 1.504 1.573 1.647 Fig. 15 shows the relation between granularity of BOFS and sphericity of granules.
In the future, we should focus on the stimulation of potential cementitious activity of BOFS and the optimization of its grain size distribution, etc.
For every granularity grade, the number of measured BOFS particle was not less than 500 to ensure the stability and accuracy of measuring results. 4) According to the following formula, statistical average value of RLB of steel slag granules in the same granularity grade was calculated to explore the relationship between sphericity and granularity of granule.
where, n is the number of measured granules; RLBi is the RLB value of single granule.
Granularity range /μm 0-2 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 >40 BOFS-W Number of particles 534 563 1390 1677 910 509 1024 Average value of RLB 1.496 1.422 1.452 1.472 1.481 1.446 1.483 BOFS-A Number of particles 1092 1207 1087 1349 1119 614 544 Average value of RLB 1.490 1.514 1.551 1.490 1.504 1.573 1.647 Fig. 15 shows the relation between granularity of BOFS and sphericity of granules.
In the future, we should focus on the stimulation of potential cementitious activity of BOFS and the optimization of its grain size distribution, etc.
Online since: June 2006
Authors: Vitalijus Rudzinskas, O. Chernashejus, Algirdas Vaclovas Valiulis
The number of potentially dangerous equipment that has completed its established
operational time, but is still being used, is permanently increasing.
The uniform boundaries of dislocations in the volume of a ferrite grain create sub-boundaries.
At investigation of the dislocation structure of neutral layers of an elbow metal the great number of micro-pores and dislocation near carbides were determined (Fig. 3 d).
This great number of micro-pores in neutral layers of an elbow metal is formed at the combined stress, which appears because of an oval of an elbow and a diffusion of vacancies while it is being maintained.
Definition of ultimate amplitudes of the relative elastic stress [σaF] or ultimate number of cycles [Nа] is carried out in view of reliability criterions (a rigid loading) (Fig. 7).
The uniform boundaries of dislocations in the volume of a ferrite grain create sub-boundaries.
At investigation of the dislocation structure of neutral layers of an elbow metal the great number of micro-pores and dislocation near carbides were determined (Fig. 3 d).
This great number of micro-pores in neutral layers of an elbow metal is formed at the combined stress, which appears because of an oval of an elbow and a diffusion of vacancies while it is being maintained.
Definition of ultimate amplitudes of the relative elastic stress [σaF] or ultimate number of cycles [Nа] is carried out in view of reliability criterions (a rigid loading) (Fig. 7).
Online since: May 2020
Authors: Yong Mao, Zong Bo Li, Shun Meng Zhang, Kai Xiong, Ying Jie Sun
For highly elastic anisotropic metals, applied loads will cause stress concentration at the grain boundaries and at the triple junctions, which can lead to brittle failure [8, 9].
In addition, since different crystal structures have different symmetry, the number of independent elastic constants for different crystal structures is also different.
(5) In these formulas, h indexes Planck's constants, k is Boltzmann's constants, NA indexes Avogadro's number, ρ is density, M stands for the weight of unit cell, n is the number of atoms in unit cell. νm is averaged elastic wave velocity, υl and υt refer to the longitudinal and transverse sound velocity, respectively.
(7) where, kB, NA, ρ, and E are the Boltzmann’s constant, Avogadro's number, density, and Young's modulus, respectively.
[5] FuZhi Dai, Yanchun Zhou, Wei Sun, Segregation of solute atoms (Y, Nb, Ta, Mo and W) in ZrB2 grain boundaries and their effects on grain boundary strengths: A first-principles investigation.
In addition, since different crystal structures have different symmetry, the number of independent elastic constants for different crystal structures is also different.
(5) In these formulas, h indexes Planck's constants, k is Boltzmann's constants, NA indexes Avogadro's number, ρ is density, M stands for the weight of unit cell, n is the number of atoms in unit cell. νm is averaged elastic wave velocity, υl and υt refer to the longitudinal and transverse sound velocity, respectively.
(7) where, kB, NA, ρ, and E are the Boltzmann’s constant, Avogadro's number, density, and Young's modulus, respectively.
[5] FuZhi Dai, Yanchun Zhou, Wei Sun, Segregation of solute atoms (Y, Nb, Ta, Mo and W) in ZrB2 grain boundaries and their effects on grain boundary strengths: A first-principles investigation.