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The average grain size and its shape coefficient were evaluated using an optical microscope with an image analyzer integrated to personal computer with Image-Pro Plus software.
Moreover, the number of nuclei was increased significantly with the decreasing of molten temperature, which making the primary crystals were developed from dendrite to uniform, fine and near spherical directions.
Just because of this, when the rod insertion temperature was reduced to 615℃, although the stirring time was the shortest, the primary crystal was evenly distributed across the whole sectional area because of the formation of a large number of nuclei at this time.
In the time interval from rod insertion end to quenching, the molten metal with a large number of nucleation was cooled slowly at the speed of 13.2~14.5℃/min between liquidus and solidus, It has been found that the primary crystals size was increased with increasing of the time interval.
Under the function of super-cooling and longer stirring, larger number of nuclei may restrict the growth of individual crystals leading to the most ideal semisolid slurry. 100μm 100μm 100μm (a) Raw material (b) Ex.1 (c) Ex.2 100μm 100μm 100μm 100μm 100μm 100μm (d) Ex.3 (e) Ex.4 (f) Ex.5 100μm 100μm 100μm (g) Ex.6 (h) Ex.7 (i) Ex.8 Fig.3 The microstructure of A356 alloy under different experiments Figure (i) showed the result of Ex.8 in which SUS303 stainless steel was used as the stirring rod.

Large numbers of shear bands were produced in the process of deformation, which can be intertwined to form multiple shear bands.
The existence of in-suit β phase changed the direction of shear bands; both the number and the width of shear bands were increased, therefore, larger deformation power was needed; in-suit β phase also caused the movement direction of the shear bands have some deflection and the crack formed in the confluence of shear bands.
In the process of preparation of amorphous alloys, the smaller sample size, the larger cooling rate , the greater number of free volume per unit volume is gained, resulting in more nucleation of shear bands and then, during the deformation process, more shear bands are produced, which have important influence on the deformation.
The formation of large numbers of shear bands caused the deformation are no longer focused on individual shear band, on the other hand, β phase hindered the movement and extension of shear bands, caused the shear bands  intersected each other, increases the resistance of deformation.
Some newly phenomenon was discovered such as the image in Fig. 6d, the crystal grain slide along the direction of the arrow, this well explain the deformation of coordination previously mentioned .

(4) (5) (km) is the crater’s diameter, is the cumulative number of craters larger than in diameter per km2.
One area the number of craters calculation formula: (6) is the crater’s diameter in meter, is the cumulative number of craters larger than in diameter per km2, is image’s area size in km2, is total crater number.
The SSA of a mineral depends on the optical constant and grain size of each mineral, and an expression for computing mineral SSA has been given by Hapke[11]: (9) where Se is the Fresnel reflectivity for externally incident light, Si is the Fresnel reflectivity for internally incident light, n is the real part of refraction index of a mineral, and k is the imaginary part of refraction index of the mineral(Fig4); Θis the internal transmission coefficient of the particle without internal scatters, is the average distance traveled by transmitted rays during one traverse of a particle and a is the absorption coefficient of the mineral.

Table1 Properties of five samples of cement loops Number properties 1 2 3 4 5 density (g/cm3) 1.9 2.3 1.9 1.45 1.91 Flow value (cm) 21 / 23 24 22 Denseness time（min） 310（85℃×40MPa） 253（70℃×81MPa） 352 520（70℃×30Mpa) / compressive strength (Mpa)） 35.9 29.32 26.47 27.03 24.13 environment / / 160℃×20.7MPa for24h 95℃ for 24h 110℃×20.7MPa for 24h Test methods.The internal morphology of specimen is gained using JSM-5800 scanning electron microscope before the test.
Table 2 Porosity and compressive strength of samples and their variation rate number Porosity （﹪） Compressive strength（MPa） Before test After test variation rate （%） Before test After test variation rate （%） 1 32.3 2.4 92.6 35.9 33.503 -6.7 2 21.9 0.05 99.8 29.32 26.861 -8.4 3 29.9 0.34 98.9 26.47 37.892 43.2 4 29.7 2.6 91.2 27.03 37.644 39.3 5 29.0 1.4 95.2 24.13 40.747 68.9 It can be seen from the table 2 that the porosity of all samples decreases significantly and the variation rates are very large.
Floating beads are gray hollow spheres selected from heat and power plant fly ash, which are light, confined, small grain size, a certain degree of activity and so on.
The number of large holes reduces a lot and the number of small holes increases significantly.

At the same time, a number of materials of natural and technogenic origin, which are an effective substitute for quartz sand, are known.
The calculation was carried out in relation to the foam concrete matrix with the following component consumption for 1 m3: Portland cement grade PTs400-DO - 227 kg; tuff sand with the largest grain diameter of 1.25 mm - 227 kg; water - 195 kg (B / T = 0.43); foaming agent “Neopor 400” - 1.25 kg.
It was also noted that with an increase in the number of introduced fibers, the average pore size increases (indicator ).
At low percent saturation ( = 0,20 %) the decline leads to an increase in the average pore size, which is explained by a decrease in the number of contacts (interactions) between the fibers and a decrease in the ability to the disperse large pores.
Summary It can be concluded that the introduction of a sufficient number of short fibers into the foam concrete matrix leads to the material’s hardening, which is ensured not only by the reinforcing properties of the fibers, but also by their ability to positively affect the structure of cellular concrete.

For example, using dynamic slicing we can get a collection of program slicing with more litter line number than source program.
A project file is composed of a number of these packages which interact with each other using the import statement.
A package is composed of a number of class or interface declaration which forms the complex dependence relation by calling between inheritances, implementations, class members; A class or interface declaration contains a number of member data and member methods which interact with each other by method call.
[3] Li Bi-xin,WANG Yun-feng,ZHANG Yong-xiang.An approach of static coarse-grained slice based on simplified system dependence graph[J].Journal of Software,2001 12(2):204-211 [4] M.Weiser, Program slicing, in Proc. 5th Int.

The primary particles had grown to ~1 µm and they had edged shape and rugged surface probably due to the grain growth of the primary particles as shown in Fig. 3(c).
Fig. 5 shows the capacity vs. cycle number for the heat-treated electrodes between 3.0 ~ 4.5 V and 3.0 ~ 4.6 V at a specific current of 140 mA/g.
It suggests that the shape and surface morphology should be one important factor for the electrochemical performance besides the particle size. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Charge/Discharge (mAh/g) Cycle number 900o C charge 900o C discharge 1000 o C charge 1000 o C discharge 0 1020304050 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Charge/Discharge (mAh/g) Cycle number 900o C charge 900o C discharge 1000 o C charge 1000 o C discharge (a) (b) Fig. 5.
Acknowledgements This work has been funded by the KIST program under contract number 2E18630.

In the course of the theoretical analysis and the experimental studies of process of the magnetic-pulse welding preforming (MPWP), the parameters influencing quality of welded connection are detected: working voltage of U charges of capacitor banks, capacity of the accumulative unit C of the equipment, inductivity of the working tool – the inductor L, N determined by number of rounds.
Mode of processing and parameters of the equipment: tension on the drive U=2kB, battery capacity of C=150 condensers of microfarad, number of rounds of the inductor N=4r.
Drive C capacity, working voltage of U and number of rounds of the inductor N – value the defining frequencies of f and amplitude of a jolt of electricity were variable parameters in determination of the optimum modes of magnetic-pulse welding preformation.
For different experimental samples they have the following values: capacity of the drive is C=150÷450 of microfarad; charging voltage of U=1÷2,5 kV; number of rounds of the inductor N = 4÷12r.
Fig. 4 Dependences of effort upon a rupture of P aluminum alloys а - from value of the overlap Δ; b - from value of the gap h Metallographic researches of a zone of connection have not revealed formation of the general grains, fig. 5.

Introduction At present，the number of wasted tires has increased sharply along with the rapid growth of the vehicles ownership in China, so the problem of how to make good use of the huge number of waste tire rubber has become one of the most critical environmental problems demanding prompt solution.
Rubber particles produced by the first method is found edge tearing seriously, bad grain angularity and inhomogeneous shape.
L164(5) orthogonal experiment schedule Test number Rubber dosage/% Vibratory frequency /Hz Vibratory time /s Compacting temperature /℃ Compacting times /times VV/% 1 3 28 30 170 125 20 92 4.37 2 3 28.7 60 160 115 40 72 3.72 3 3 29.4 90 150 105 60 62 4.04 4 3 30 120 140 95 70 42 4.00 5 5.5 28 60 150 115 70 42 6.36 6 5.5 28.7 30 140 95 60 62 5.20 7 5.5 29.4 120 170 125 40 72 8.34 8 5.5 30 90 160 115 20 92 5.27 9 8 28 90 140 95 40 72 5.60 10 8 28.7 120 150 115 20 92 6.59 11 8 29.4 30 160 115 70 42 6.72 12 8 30 60 170 125 60 62 8.04 13 10.5 28 120 160 115 60 62 6.50 14 10.5 28.7 90 170 125 70 42 6.63 15 10.5 29.4 60 140 95 20 92 6.66 16 10.5 30 30 150 115 40 72 7.02 Tab.6.
Range analysis Test number Rubber dosage/% Vibration frequency /Hz Vibration time /s Compact temperature/℃ Compact times/times K1 4.03 5.71 5.83 6.85 5.72 K2 6.29 5.54 6.20 5.55 6.17 K3 6.74 6.44 5.38 6.00 5.95 K4 6.70 6.08 6.36 5.37 5.93 R 2.70 0.90 0.97 1.48 0.45 It can be inferred from Tab.6 that Rrubber dosage>Rcompaction temperature>Rvibration time> Rvibratory frequency>Rcompacting times.

The kinetics of interfacial growth at the grain boundary was analyzed.
In the experiment process, the accuracy of the obtained hardness is ensured by means of averaging over a number of measurements (not less than 3 times).
At the interface, the Al-rich FeAl3 phase can change the toughness of the interface, and the master alloy AlB2 can play a role in grain refinement of the interface.
(5) The results show that there exists an acicular intermetallic compound FeAl3 and an intermediate alloy AlB2 at the interface, and it is found that the trace amount of Si does not exceed the solid solubility between them and only accumulates at the interface between the vacancy and the defect, resulting in an aluminum-rich FeAl3 phase can change the interface toughness, the intermediate alloy AlB2 can play a role in grain refinement of the interface