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A number of unusual properties (i.e., superparamagnetism, high surface area to volume ratios, versatile surface modification, low toxicity and biocompatibility) have caused engineered MNPs to be widely studied for applications in magnetic resonance imaging, immunomagnetic separation,catalysis and drug delivery agents [9].
Since the exterior of the CDs have a high number of hydroxyl groups, it is very hydrophilic.
Furthermore, the rate of growth-step of grains determines the size of the final produced nanoparticles.
It is noteworthy that the addition of the surfactant oleic acid intends to control the rate of growth-step of the grains and finally, the size of the produced nanoparticles [20].
To get particles with little deviation in size of the produced particles, a quick nucleation and a slow development of grains during the thermal degradation is needed.On the other hand, particles that have been produced with theco-precipitation method, which is much more time-consuming process, exhibiting a broader size-distribution, compared with those obtained with the method of thermal decomposition andforming larger aggregations.The shape of the nanoparticles cannot be determined with precision, but it can be said that it resembles a pseudo-cubic shaping (see Fig.6(3S),(5S)).

These mechanisms frequently involve precipitation of niobium carbide or carbonitride [Nb(C,N)], providing grain refinement during transformation following hot deformation, precipitation strengthening in ferrite, stabilization of carbon or nitrogen in interstitial-free steels, trapping of hydrogen, etc.
Niobium as a solute can also have effects, such as on grain boundaries and interfaces, also influencing microstructure development and properties.
Niobium retards ferrite recrystallization and austenite grain growth during intercritical annealing after cold-rolling.
Next-Generation Steels A number of researchers have begun recently to incorporate Nb-microalloying into next-generation AHSS development activities.
More recent work has focused on lower carbon and niobium levels (e.g. 0.23C with 0.03Nb), again reporting precipitation hardening from a large number of alloy carbides believed to form during the partition tempering treatment at 400°C [13].

The number of survival bacteria after treatment was evaluated with spread plate techniques.
The number of survival bacteria after treatment was evaluated with the spread plate technique.
After colonies are grown, they are counted and the number of bacteria in the original sample is calculated.
The number of viable bacteria was determined by using the spread plate technique after passing through reactor of each cycle.
The survival rating of E. coli was determined by counting the number of viable cells in terms of CFU.

Earlier, a number of bioglasses were created based on MgO–CaO–SiO2–P2O5–CaF2, Na2O–CaO–SiO2–P2O5, CaO–SiO2–P2O5, and CaO–SiO2–B2O3–P2O5 [1-3,6,7] to the matrices of which Fe3O4 particles were incorporated.
Mössbauer spectrum of a fine-grained Fig. 2.
This fact is confirmed by the data on the microstructure of the composite ceramics and elemental composition of regions in which ferrite particles and hydroxyapatite grains are concentrated (Figs.5 and 6).
Microstructure of the composite ceramics with an addition of 5 wt % BaO·6Fe2O3 and the elemental composition of regions in which (a) ferrite particles and (b) hydroxyapatite grains are concentrated.
The numbers in the upper part indicate the energy of irradiating electrons in keV.

According to Brinksmeier [10] the white layer is very fine-grained martensite (a-Fe peaks) in hypo-eutectoid steel, while in hypereutectoid steel it is mainly austenite (g-Fe peaks).
c) According to Klocke’s measurements [2] the white layer on mainly steels with C content consists of fine grains of ferrite of nanometer magnitude.
In recent years, besides measurements, a number of examinations have been carried out using FEM methods to determine the thickness of the white layer.
Its structure was examined with optical and electron microscope, and elongated grains were found.
According to the examination results, the specific friction edge output does not reveal anything about the thickness of the creating layer or its relative dispersion (R2≈0 and R2≈0.35, respectively).; no meaningful relationship between them can be discovered This, of course, can be the consequence of an insufficient number of experiments for making statistically backed statements.

Their excellent properties (significantly exceeding traditional hydrides) are a result of the combined engineering of many factors: alloy composition, surface properties, microstructure, grain size and others.
These measurements may supply useful indirect information about the influence of surface chemical composition, crystal structure and grain sizes on the hydrogenation properties of the studied materials.
Fig. 2 The discharge capacity as a function of cycle number for MA and annealed Mg2Cu (a), Mg2Ni (b) and Mg2Ni/Pd (c), Mg1.5Mn0.5Ni/C (d) and Mg1.5Al0.5Ni/Pd (e) electrodes (solution, 6 M KOH; temperature, 20o C).
Fig. 2 and Tables 1 and 2 show the discharge capacities as a function of the cycle number for studied nanocomposite materials.
Normally the interior of the nanocrystal is constrained and the distances between atoms located at the grain boundaries expanded.

Nowadays these two materials are of great interest for science and technology due to their exceptional characteristics: high thermal conductivity and at the same time high electrical resistance, high chemical inertness, high hardness and wear resistance and low friction coefficients, which make them appropriate for a number of technological applications, e.g. as protective optical or tribological coatings [3-5].
A number of important applications have been developed with a promising future.
It consists of equiaxed small grains near the substrate surface, causing the growth of columns as the layer thickness increases.
The mean grain size is 0.12-0.15 µm on the heated substrates, while on the cool substrates it is 0.09-0.10 µm.
The homogeneity of the grains is better on cool substrates.

As the NaCl grains dissolve through the leaching process, voids will be created within the specimens in the positions previously occupied by the NaCl grains, resulting the formation of the aluminum foam.
Specimens containing a greater proportion of NaCl, specifically 55 wt.%, will have the greatest number of voids, leading to increased porosity and reduced foam density.
Initially, the specimens were grinded with Sic papers of different grain sizes 180,400,800,100,1500,2000,3000 and 4000.
The main reason of this improvement is due to the additive occupied spaces within the crystal lattice of the base material and helped produce a structure of much denser and reduced the number of voids. making it more difficult for dislocations (defects in the crystal structure) to move.

The number of falls when the samples of both sides of the groove merged over a length of 1.5 cm and the water content at that time were recorded.
[d] Special soil is heated at high temperature[d] Obtained from the garden[d] The raw material from around the Sultan Qaboos Mosque in Salalah is taken → Crushed to large grains→ Soaked in water →Undesirable components removed as supernatant.
The grain size tends to be smaller in the order of joint material (khatri), wall-finishing material (nurah and 1-1k), and floor-finishing material (yeb').
This observation is in line with the results of the particle-size tests, and it is concluded that the coarse-grained nurah and yeb' are unable to retain water.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fostering Joint International Research (B) Grant Number JP20KK0020.

Numbers are impressive: considering as an example the mining sector and the stone industry, nearly the 80% of the mined material is waste [0].
Asdrubali and colleagues [49] investigated the thermal and acoustical performance of a panel composed by overlapping a variable number of cardboard layers.
Pisello and colleagues [50] assessed optic characteristics of five types of natural gravels, with different grain size and they were able to state that albedo is related to grain size, increasing with decreasing grain size, and reach good values for all the investigated gravels.
Table 3 Thermal-optic properties of natural gravels for cool roof application Name Employment Solar reflectance Albedo Thermal emittance Natural gravels with different grain size Horizontal Roof Urban paving 38-62% [0] In lab measured 36-44 [0] In field measured 0.9 [0] Figure 1: Surface temperature of five natural gravels (T1,T2,T3,T4 with decreasing grain size) during September(adapted from [0]).
Figure 2: Comparison of gravels (1,2,3,4 with decreasing grain size) daily maximum surface temperatures for September days (adapted from [0]).