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Conventional damage mechanics studies, since then, are getting of prosperity by probabilistic theory: damage evolution functions of solid structure under random loading condition were, based on micro-mechanics-model, set up by Silberschmidt and Chaboche[2]; damage-rupture development mechanism on discontinuous stochastic composite material reinforced by fibers was analyzed with statistics by Wu and Li [3]; mechanical characters of solid brittle material coupled with plane grain cracks submitting to correlated random distribution were investigated by Ju and Tseng who, on the basis of micro-mechanics and mean-volume theory, invited Legedre-Tchebycheff orthogonal polynomial algorithm into analyses[4]; by the help of flat noise generator simulation for random factors influential over medium damage mechanism from both external and internal aspects, continuous damage mechanics was furthered by Silberschmidt based on his early studies [5].
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Funds (Grant No: 51109118), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No: 20100470344), Fundamental project fund of Zhejiang Ocean University (Serial number: 21045032610), Initiating project fund for doctors of Zhejiang Ocean University (Serial number: 21045011909) and Project of Education Department in Zhejiang (Serial number: Z201119560) References [1] W.

t=0.2 210 É"15 C1 80 80 10 10 30 É"12 É"10 R10 R10 Éœ 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Number of cycles to failure, Nf a 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Number of cycles to failure, Nf Fig.2 S-N curve.
Namely, the fatigue cracks of notched specimens initiate at a little smaller cyclic ratio N/Nf (where Nf is the number of cycles to failure) to that of plain specimen, and the ratio of crack propagation life to total life for each notched specimen is larger than that for plain specimen.
The fatigue cracks of all specimens initiate at grain boundary or its neighborhood.

The injection of REE essentially refines cast steel grain [3, 4], and globularizes non-metallic inclusions in steel [4].
The cumulative effect of multicomponent rare-earth alloys has been pointed out in a significant number of papers on these issues [5].
The methodology of calculations includes a number of operations [9].
Design formulas of activities according to this theory were derived in the approximation of quadratic dependence of melt coordination number on the composition expressed in terms of the ionic content of cations [9].

Fig.2 IEEE 30-bus test system Table.1 Characteristics of test systems serial number District Number Contact lines Boundary points 1 2 1 4 2 3 3 7 3 4 5 10 Taking three-regions interconnected electricity networks interconnection of IEEE 30 system as an example, the following four kinds of algorithms are compared that three-regions interconnected electricity networks interconnection of IEEE 30 system are as an example.
Therefore, the parallel algorithms for collaborative optimization using multiple processors have good prospects for larger systems, and the distributed parallel processing is also consistent with the status of various regional power interconnection networks. 26 1 2 5 7 28 3 4 12 16 17 10 14 18 20 22 21 27 15 19 30 23 24 29 25 G2 G1 G6 G4 G3 G5 Table.3 Generator output adjustment by algorithm given in this paper Bus Number 4 6 10 11 16 23 24 Initial output of Region A / MW 112.2 112.2 115 230 134 129 200 adjust output of Region A / MW 112.2 112.2 116.5 212.2 134 145.2 200 Initial output of Region B / MW 78.5 78.5 55 211.8 219.7 115 112.6 adjust output of Region B / MW 78.5 81.5 45.2 189.8 219.7 115 118.4 Initial output of Region C / MW 99.7 99.7 109.2 300.4 189 120 100 adjust output of Region C / MW 99.7 99.7 109.2 300.4
Coarse-grained distributed optimal power flow.

Introduction Significant number of materials shows sensitivity to non-proportionality of loading [1,2], resulting in reduction of life and fatigue strength.
The numbers next to letters notify the value of coefficient λ multiplied by 10.
The proposed method, based on critical path idea, should be verified for greater number of materials and other cases of non-proportional loadings.
Jiang, Fatigue of polycrystalline copper with different grain sizes and texture, Int.

Molten metal was before casting purified with salt AlCu4B6 and was not modified or grain refined.
The formation of phases should correspond to successive reactions during solidification with an increasing number of phases involved at decreasing temperature.
In view of the gray scale values in the SEM secondary electron images are higher (brighter) for the higher atomic number of the elements, phases containing Cu and/or Fe are brightest (Fig. 1b).
Silicon and aluminum are close in atomic number and sometimes are hard to distinguish.

Currently, a number of areas have already been defined, in which materials containing fullerenes can withstand competition not only in quality but also in cost.
However, the solution contains fullerenes with different numbers of carbon atoms.
Secondly, since the volume of the C60 molecule is 14–16 times the volume of the metal atoms, when co-condensed, the introduction of the C60 molecules into the metal grains create large internal mechanical stresses in the metal crystal lattice. 3.2 Thermoelectric coefficients The temperature coefficient of electrical resistance in metal-fullerene films, depending on the fractional composition of the components, varies from positive (at a low fraction of C60) to negative.
Figure 1: Dependence of the change in the electrical resistance of the films on frequency, for different ratios of the components nTi /nC60: 1 – 680, 2 – 270, 3 – 140 Fig. 1 shows the dependence of the change in the electrical resistance of Ti-C60 films on the frequency, at various proportional ratios of Ti atoms to the number of C60 molecules.

In addition to cement, the temperature increases even on the individual grains of the aggregate used.
The number of storeys varies depending on the temperature and the type of operation and the height of the chimney.
If the flue gases are drawn through the liners, a larger number of inserts can be installed at the same time for each source or operation.
This solution offers a number of advantages, such as at the penetration of the aggressive substance condensation through the sleeve, is not directly affected the shank.

The total element number is about 20000.
In shop floor, it is considered by experience that small feed, large reduction and high speed in acceptable range could give a large average strain which is beneficial for breaking down large size grain and improving internal quality of forged billet.
Figure 6 Illustration of data acquisition lines The average effective strain data in each data acquisition line is noted as follows, i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (1) where i represents the number of data acquisition line, j represents the number of effective strain data in the selected data acquisition line, represents the effect strain data point in the selected data acquisition line.

The degree of desorption, the rate of adsorption, the pressure of the gas are proportional to the number of gas molecules per unit volume and the viscosity of the molecules for adsorption.
Before use, the zeolite was dried in the muffle furnace at 400⁰C for 6 hours, sieved to a size of 2 mm and obtained as homogeneous grains using a sample divider.
The degree of desorption, adsorption rate, liquid pressure is proportional to the number of metal molecules per unit volume and the concentration of molecules for adsorption. 3.
The degree of desorption, adsorption rate, liquid pressure is proportional to the number of metal molecules per unit volume and the concentration of molecules for adsorption.