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Online since: March 2010
Authors: Tao Li, Dong Bo Wang, Xiu Tian Yan, Ning Sheng Guo
But the EDP model is hardly predictable and can therefore only be pre-planned on a coarse-grained level, besides there are many design making in the design process [5].
In the knowledge representation, the Michigan code is used and real number instead of binary coding is used for the convenience of EDP domain knowledge.
Table3 computation of fitness function Rule IF A THEN C IF A THEN NOT C IF NOT A THEN C IF NOT A THEN NOT C Number pp pn np nn AO Knowledge Learning Algorithm and Case Study.
The training data set normally is coming from the case history in EDP, and because the real number coding is used, the base vector is used to set the initial chromosome; in certain generation, the fitness is computed for the current population, and part of the chromosome is selected according to specific GAP determine the percentage of selection, the single crossover is used to recombine the sub-population before the sub-population mutation, then a set of new population is added into the sub-population for the next loop, the new rule then can be learned after certain generation.
Online since: March 2004
Authors: Zhan Qiang Liu, Xing Ai
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 447 Experiment Setup In this study, gray cast iron was selected as the workpiece materials.
Table 1 Chemical composition and hardness of the workpiece material Chemical composition [mass%] Hardness [HB] Workpiece material C Si Mn S P Cr Fe HT 200 3.12 1.8 0.72 0.11 0.1 0.058 Balance 206 Table 2 Tool geometry and cutting conditions Cutting conditions Parameters Axial rake angle -5° Radial rake angle -7° Feed per tooth [mm/z] 0.1 Cutting width [mm] 5 Depth of cut [mm] 0.5 Number of tooth single Approach angle 75° milling cutter tool wear measurement work table data processing spindle workpiece dynamometer amplifier cutting force measurement Fz Fy Fx Fz Fy Fx D/A board Fig.1 Experimental set-up Results and Discussions Tool Wear.
As fractured grains of the tool itself are carried by flowing chips, they themselves may cause further abrasive wear of the tool [14].
However, ceramic and PCBN tools possess very high wear resistance, so the extent of the second mechanism may be different from other Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 449 tool materials.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Maria Poroch-Seriţan, Gheorghe Gutt, Petru Bulai, Traian Lucian Severin
The mechanical, corrosion and magnetic properties of Ni-Fe alloys are affected by a number of factors including alloy composition, grain size, internal stress and surface roughness.
(5) where xi is the coded value (dimensionless value), Yi is the natural value of the ith test variable, Yi0 is the natural value in the center of the range of the ith test variable and ΔYi is the interval of variation for ith test variable and n represent the number of the process variables [10, 11].
Orthogonal central composite design of 23 type Experiment number The current density, J The temperature, T The solution pH W, the surface hardness (HV) Coded value, x1 Natural value Y1 (A/dm2) Coded value, x2 Natural value Y2 (ºC) Coded value x3 Natural value (Y3) 1 -1 1.75 -1 25 -1 2.5 139.0 2 +1 3.51 -1 25 -1 2.5 126.0 3 -1 1.75 +1 35 -1 2.5 151.0 4 +1 3.51 +1 35 -1 2.5 134.0 5 -1 1.75 -1 25 +1 3.5 132.0 6 +1 3.51 -1 25 +1 3.5 121.0 7 -1 1.75 +1 35 +1 3.5 138.0 8 +1 3.51 +1 35 +1 3.5 120.0 9 +α 3.70 0 30 0 3.0 125.0 10 - α 1.56 0 30 0 3.0 133.0 11 0 2.63 +α 36 0 3.0 136.0 12 0 2.63 - α 24 0 3.0 129.0 13 0 2.63 0 30 +α 3.6 131.0 14 0 2.63 0 30 - α 2.4 138.0 15 0 2.63 0 30 0 3.0 135.0 16 0 2.63 0 30 0 3.0 135.5 To explain the behaviour of the studied system a second order polynomial equation (Eq. 7) was used for correlation between the independent variables (x1, x2 and x3) and response function W [10]
Online since: December 2006
Authors: S.I. Kwun, Yong Hwan Kim
However, the additive powder grains are thought to act as a nucleation sites.
The variations of the fracture strength with increasing additive powder content can be attributed to the variations in the amount of brittle intermetallic (Cr, W)2B and the number of pores in the wide-gap brazed region.
However, the number of pores in the brazed region increases due to the small amount of filler metal filling up the wide-gap (Fig. 4).
Therefore, the region brazed with the 60 wt. % additive powder and 40 wt. % filler metal had a higher fracture strength, due to the relatively smaller amount of (Cr, W)2B and lower number of pores.
Online since: March 2004
Authors: Lei Wang, Toshiro Kobayashi, Chun Ming Liu
The Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 2 a) b) c) d) 100kgf Load 0.5mm Deflection load calibration value for SG2 so obtained was used to convert the SG2 output to load for the high velocity tests.
It has been reported [7] that the grain size strongly influenced on the fracture behavior under dynamic tensile loading.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 failure elongation of composite is less than 1%), the tensile strength was strongly influenced by changing of loading velocity than that of AC4CH.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 4 may be with the maximum shear stress).
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Zhi Shou Zhu, Yong Qing Zhao, Hui Li, Liang Feng, Lian Zhou, Heng Lei Qu, Ming Qiang Li
When temperature increases from RT to 550 ℃, UTS & YS declined almost 50%, especially for YS and for alloy S1, while plasticity increases 2~10 times of that at RT; tough S1 alloy also exhibits the highest UTS strength, but S3 alloy occupied the second in UTS and the number one in YS, while S2 alloy becomes the number one in EL & RA.
When temperature increases continuously from 550 ℃ to 600 ℃, both UTS and YS of alloy S3 occupied the number one position, while S2 also with the lowest strength values.
Alloy S2 exhibits similar morphology with that of S1, but fewer amounts of particles, and primary b grains boundary is appeared after annealing (Fig.3 (d)).
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Hang Wen, Mian Chen, Jing Nan Dong
In this interval gray fine-grained lithic quartz sandstone, gray argillaceous siltstone and gray mudstone are interbedded in unequal thick.
Table 1 Hole enlargement rate of vertical section in Shun 9 block Number Depth (m) Mean hole enlargement rate Maximum hole enlargement rate Shun 9 4772.5-5436 8.55% 57.87% Shun 901 4720.5-5630 7.97% 69.38% Shun 902H 4748.1-5250 10.40% 61.5% Shun 903H 4772-5661 4.04% 12.16% Comparison and analysis of hole diameters among deviated section.
Table 2 Hole enlargement rate of deviated section in Shun 9 block Number Formation in which the mud type altered Depth (m) Mean hole enlargement rate Maximum hole enlargement rate Shun 9CH Upper sand rock subsection of Kepingtage formation 4749-5736.5 8.63% 24.73% Shun 902H 5060-5663 7.46% 24.35% Shun 903H 5173-6031 4.17% 10.00% Shun 9-1H Mudstone section in Tataaiertage formation 4761-5868.5 11.39% 32.67% Taking the particularity of angle buildup interval into consideration, when analyzing bottom hole accident, we should start from well track angle.
Table 3 Comparison of borehole enlargement rate, well track, mud density and type in separate deviated sections Number Depth (m) CAL (in) Hole enlargement rate Deviation angle Drift azimuth Mud density Mud type Shun9CH 5400-5550 9-10 17% 30-45° 130-150° 1.45g/cm3 Oil based 5600-5700 9-10 17% 60-75° 130-135° Shun 902H 5400-5660 9-11 29.4% 30-75° 300° 1.34g/cm3 Water based 5700-5800 12-13 81.0% 75-90° 300° 1.7 g/cm3 Oil based Shun 903H The hole well section Bore hole is inerratic —— 320° 1.43-1.45g/cm3 Shun 9-1H 5300-5800 9-10 17% 30-60° 180° 1.5g/cm3 Difficulties in drilling Shun 9 area has complex geological conditions, it is expansive in transverse distribution and has a large geological age span of the drilled formation, diversified geological features, deep burial depth of reservoir and so on.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Hong Bo Tan, Jun Xiao, Bao Guo Ma
This is because, in the early hydration reaction, retarder through the adsorption, complexation or form such as precipitation in cement particle surface covered, hinder C3S hydration reaction of cement especially, however, with slow hydration reaction of cement on, on the one hand, covering the surface of the membrane of the particle gradually broken retarder, molecular hydration products gradually embedded, on the other hand can give hydration products with full time to carry on the lap and filling, and so more fully, cement hydration stone structure and more close-grained, beneficial to the growth of the post strength and other performance improvement. 1d 7d AFt CH CH 0.2% 0.04% control 5 20 17 19 2θ Figure 5 XRD analysis of cement hydration with citric acid 2.4 XRD analysis As shown in Figure 5, when the content of citric acid increased, AFt diffraction peak increases, which indicating that the initial citric acid accelerated the hydration of
Figure 6 (a) shows, when the content is 0.04%, CSH gel in larger quantities, CH crystals better, a clear parallel to the surface, through the CSH gel in cement paste structure is more dense; When the dosage of 0.20 percent, as shown in Figure 6 (b), the cement structure is loose, C-S-H gel and CH few in number, and CH crystal poor, layered with no fixed shape or deposited in the CSH gel.
When the dosage of 0.20%, the hydration of the cement structure when 7d loose, C-S-H gel and CH few in number and poorly crystalline CH, cement found in well-crystallized hexagonal lamellar hydrated calcium aluminate and petal-like AFm.
Project approval number: 51178363 References [1] N.
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Jiang Hong Zhen
Table 1, Index system of industrialization process and eco-environmental quality in Inner Mongolia Target layer Standard level Index layer Industrialization process (X) industrialization level(X1) per capita GDP, non-agricultural industrial output proportion, non-agricultural employment proportion, industrial added value proportion, Engel coefficient, total import and export proportion technology level (X2) R&D expenditure proportion, authorized patents number, education expenditure proportion, scientific and technological personnel number ecological level (X3) built-up area green coverage rate, industrial wastewater discharge standard rate, industrial solid waste utilization rate, pollution control investment proportion Ecological environmental quality (Y) natural ecological environment (Y1) regional environmental noise average, drinking water quality compliance rate, forest coverage, per capita water supply, per capita arable land area, per capita grassland area, per capita forest
volume, per capita grain yield, natural disaster area proportion, natural protection area proportion, soil erosion control area social and economic environment (Y2) GDP growth rate, urban population density, population natural growth rate, per capita domestic water consumption, per capita living power consumption, gas penetration rate, per capita urban area, unit GDP energy consumption, unit GDP power consumption, R&D expenditure proportion ecological destruction and environmental pollution(Y3) industrial waste gas emissions, industrial wastewater emissions, industrial soot emissions, industrial dust emissions, industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, amount of pesticide environmental treatment and pollution control(Y4) industrial wastewater discharge standard rate, sulfur dioxide discharge standard rate, industrial dust recovery, pollution control investment proportion, per capita forest area 3.2 Evaluation model.
is correlation degree, is sample number. , is comprehensive corr-elative degree of industrialization and eco-environment respectively, , is index numberof industrialization and eco-environment respectively.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Guang Hai Wang, Yue Zhang, Yu Feng Chen
Infrared transmittance spectra of three different quartz plates coated with silica coating which, respectively, does not contain any functional particles, contains hollow glass micro-beads, and contains hollow glass micro-beads/titania particles, in a wave number range of 2000-4000 cm-1.
Fig.4 shows transmittance spectra of three different quartz plates coated with sol-gel silica layer either containing no functional particles, or containing hollow glass micro-beads, or containing hollow glass micro-beads/titania particles, in a wave number range of 2000-4000 cm-1.
The average transmittances are low because there are a large number of small pores and grain boundaries in the silica coatings which badly scatter infrared radiation.
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