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The grinding heat directly affected workpiece surface in the grinding process and it might produce some defects such as crack and burn.
Experiment on the nozzle angle influencing to the surface integrity Affected by the grinding wheel surface layer rotary airflow, different spray angles would affect the ratio of grinding fluid flow that enters into the contact area directly.
And it will affect the grinding workpiece surface integrity directly.
Specific properties of air flow field within the grinding zone [J], Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2006,(28): 307~309
Study on properties of grinding fluid jet and nozzle position limit during quick-point grinding[J].

Review of the Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Produced from Recycled Plastic Waste and Periwinkle Shells Anthony N.
Jaivignesh and Sofi [10] carried a study on the mechanical properties of concrete using plastic waste as an aggregate and found out that the reduction of the compressive strength is as a result of the decrease in adhesive strength between the waste plastic and the cement paste.
Properties of concrete containing different type of waste materials as aggregate replacement exposed to elevated temperature – A review Properties of concrete containing different type of waste materials as aggregate replacement exposed to elevated temper, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 140, (2018) 215–221
Influence of bamboo fiber and limestone powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete, Cogent Engineering, 7(1), 1721410 (2020)
Sofi, Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Plastic Waste as an Aggregate.

The strength of a final product of steel is affected by its final austenite grain size.Almost applied models for grain growth based on Beck and Sellars equation , which has the isothermal condition assumption; whilst most of the materials processing take place under non-isothermal condition.
Introduction In thermomechanical treatment, austenite evolution has been studied for many years in order for improving the mechanical properties of steel by controlling microstructures by designing and controlling process parameter [1,2].
Another researchs are by Angel ZUFIA[12],Denis[13], and Anelli[14] , S.Jiao, J.Penning[15] obtained that non-isothermal Grain growth condition could be illustrated by isothermal grain growth equation with replacing Temperature factor with the average temperature during process as Effective Temperature (Teff) as explain by S.Akta[16].
From the modified formula aboves in equation 3, it was showed that the grain growth is affected by ∆T and cooling rate., or can be as follows Eq 4 dn – don = f [Cr]-m Cr is Cooling rates after hot rolling process is completed, m is constanta of cooling rate .
Denis; ISIJ International, Special Issue on Recent Advances in Modelling on Microstructural evolution and Properties of Steels, , vol. 32, No 3, (1992) pp 316 [6] E.Anelli; ISIJ Internationa, Special Issue on Recent Advances in Modelling on Microstructural evolution and Properties of Steels, vol. 32, No 3, (1992) pp 440 [7] S.Jiao, J.Penning,, F Leysen, Y.Houbaert and E Aernoudt, ISIJ International, Vol 40, No 10, (2000), pp 1035-1040

If these interface properties can be determined, it should then be possible to significantly enhance current models of the vibration of engineering assemblies.
If these interface properties can be determined and their variation with load, frequency etc. understood, it should be possible to significantly enhance current models of the vibration of engineering assemblies [8].
Repeatability of measurements is an important factor when characterising the properties of frictional joints, and it is helpful to determine how the results might change if a joint is reassembled (with new material and new surfaces ground to the same specification) and tested with the same experimental parameters (i.e. contact pressure, number of cycles, displacement amplitude, geometry etc.).
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol. 50 (10-11), pp. 1519-1525
Determination of the Frictional Properties of Titanium and Nickel Alloys Using the Digital Image Correlation Method.

Given that, the properties of the entire tool or machine parts are affected by heating the surrounding medium to elevated temperature [7].
Higher hardness of A sample (1181HV0.3) compared to B sample (1060HV0.3) is the main factor for higher resistance of A sample.
In fact, increased load caused higher stress and such stresses resulted to higher mechanical damage [14].
This factor either causes further weight loss in these samples.
However, the samples with wearied white layers are not affected. 4- Wear mechanism in plasma nitrided samples in ambient and elevated temperatures is spalling and abrasive.

The comprehension of microstructure formation during casting of these alloys is fundamental for the design of suitable tribological properties and much research has been devoted in order to better comprehend the distinct morphologies obtained by the monotectic reaction.
Some factors affect significantly the microstructure evolution of monotectic alloys, such as temperature gradient (G), growth rate (v), concentration gradient, melt flow and natural convection [6].
Microstructural features such as the interphase spacing (λ) and the relation between diameter and width (d/w) of Pb-rich particles may be correlated with the aforementioned factors.
The focus is to produce components with a compromise between microstructural arrangement and good mechanical properties.

The evolution of cutting force depends on material properties, machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut.
The cutting force is essentially corresponds to the product of feed, depth of cut and specific cutting pressure and further it depends on cutting tool geometry, cutting conditions, types of cutting tools and properties of workpiece materials [21, 22].
This phenomenon could be attributed from the effect of radius of cutting tool edge in machining and also the interactions between cutting tool edge configuration, machining conditions and the properties of work piece constitute behavior.
The performance factors are calculated with an accuracy of 10-2.
The performance factors are calculated for specific cutting pressure with an accuracy of 10-2.

The formation mechanism and developmental properties of talus are analyzed in this paper.
It belongs to special weak surrounding rock, and easily affected by groundwater.
Fig.1 Talus forming process Through consulting the rock survey and geological data, obtains talus forming process of ZhaoTong in Yunnan Province: (1) In the process of crustal plates movement, the basin tectonic compression and uplift that lead to the formation of steep mountains; (2) In the inverse slope side, rock fracture exposed and the alternating structure of weak mud stones and hard rocks (sandstone or limestone) formed; (3) Due to the weak mud stone easy to weathering, chipping blocks along the slope rolled gradually accumulate in the toe or prominent slope station; (4) The impending hard rock under the action of external force and weathering fracture rolled along the slope depositing and mixing with weathered soft rock material; (5) With the increase of the deposit, and under the influence of factors , such as rainfall, talus gradually became thick, and may form sliding downward trend; (6) Talus tends to be stable.
Materials that composed of talus have large spatial variability on mechanical properties, it shows strong heterogeneity and anisotropy.

Introduction The vibration and noise of an aero-engine have affected heavily airplane safety.
While with the structures of mechanical products getting more and more complicated and subtle, together with the application of new material and new technology, the approximate degree of the analytic method could not be predicted before the manufacture of a certain product.
Aiming to the gas turbine disk’s property, in the paper, it is proposed that experiment modal analysis together with finite element analysis, is used to make a thorough and systematic analysis of the gas turbine disk dynamic characteristic.
Identification Theory The gas turbine disk has infinite degrees of freedom, among which, the degrees of freedom of the modalities of low order are the leading factors.
Then, the weighting error matrix is introduced (4) Where Because of mechanical structure, the damping of the gas turbine disk can be treated as the proportional viscosity damping, both the correction matrix of the stiffness and mass being real matrix.

For example, Ringeisen et al [9] studied formation and properties of the Cu/Si(111) interface.
The results indicated that interface mixing was fairly easy to happen and the incident energy was the most important factor to affect the film growth modes.
Embedded Atom Method (EAM) with its empirical many-body potential energy functions has been used to compute static and dynamical properties of metallic systems such Au, Cu, Ag, Pt and their alloys [17].
The vector is the wave factor defined in the (100) and (111) planes, respectively, ,
Fig. 11 Structure factor depends on incident energies with cluster sizes on the different crystal orientation substrates: (a) Si(001);(b)Si(111).