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However, the precipitates can play a number of roles in the total thermal-mechanical history of the material.
This is consistent with TEM observations which show that the number of Orowan loops around the precipitates increase with deformation strain for these samples.
The number of lath shaped particles decreases and plate shaped particles appear.
a) b) c) d) Fig.5 a) Evolution of yield stress during annealing, b) cell structure in sample aged 7days at 325oC, cold rolled 40% and then annealed at 325oC for 100 min c) dislocation network and d) recrystallized grain in sample aged 7 days at 250oC, cold rolled 40% and then annealed at 325 oC for 7 days (Note: equilibrium phases Q and β formed during annealing). 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Time (s) YS (MPa) SSS-Aged 325C,7days-CR40%-Annealed 325C SSS-Aged 250C,7days-CR40%-Annealed 325C4.

The trial serial numbers and surface roughness of the normal honing and ultrasonic honing are taken as horizontal coordinate, vertical coordinate respectively, and the test results are shown in Fig. 4.
Relative to the general honing, ultrasonic honing can improve the honing surface quality with less grinding force impacted on single grain; during the ultrasonic honing process, vibration at 18.6 KHz is added on the whetstone, which is seldom plugged, and under the high-frequency vibration and flushing lubricant make small chips more difficult to be stored in whetstone hole in debris to avoid "second cutting" machined surface.
Those experiments’ numbers are selected only if the actual test material removal rate greater than zero, then to plot the results with those experiments’ numbers as horizontal coordinates and the actual material removal rate of calculated ordinary and ultrasonic honing as vertical coordinates, which is shown in Fig. 6: Fig.6 Actual material removal rate test chart By analyzing the removal rate of ultrasonic vibration honing Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet material process, it concludes that the actual grinding depth of ultrasonic honing processing, ap-actual is larger than ap, and so the actual material removal rate also increased, which indicating the advantages of ultrasonic vibration honing Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet material, but also it verifies the removal model of ultrasonic vibration honing Nd-Fe-B material.

(a) second section curve (b) fourth section curve (c) 15th section curve (d) 20th section curve (e) 23th section curve (f) 25th section curve Fig. 3 Model by through the point Fig. 4 Model by combination modeling method We know UG provides a variety of curved surface tectonic methods, including straight grain surface, through the curve group, through the curve grid, scanning, etc.
The project number is YK07-01-11.
The international Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2005, Volume 27, Numbers 11-12, Pages 1119-1123 [10] Xavier Pessoles, Yann Landon and Walter Rubio, Kinematic modelling of a 3-axis NC machine tool in linear and circular interpolation.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2010, Volume 47, Numbers 5-8, Pages 639-655

Soil surface roughness is very important in soil wind erosion prediction, because it influences trapping and emission of soil particles, abrasion of the soil surface by sultating grains, and the development of wind profiles [1].
The method of rms height statistics is as follows: (1) where: n is the number of observations taken per sample; s(x) is the surface height a point x in the surface profile; and is the average height of the surface profile.
In this article, D is calculated by root mean square(RMS) method. fractal dimensions were calculated from the average deviation around the mean elevation value of all points located inside a box with size h. average values of RMS, denoted as S(h), for different scale ranges h, were calculated according to: (3) where is the total number of boxs of size h, is the number of points in a box of size h, is the measured value of profile curve that correspond to the position, represents the average elevation value for all points in the ith box, C is scale parameter, is fractal dimension.

The Xianghai nature reserve have six of the crane, accounting for 40% of the total number of crane in world, accounting for two-thirds of the total number of crane in China .
The Xianghai wetland not only has rich natural resources, also there is a huge environment regulating function and ecological benefit, it in protecting biodiversity, maintain freshwater resources, resist flood, adjusting the climate, the degradation of pollutants and provide for human life and production resources play an important role, and is also the northeast of the Songliao plain major grain producing areas important ecological barrier.
In recent years, due to the influence of the global climate, the Xianghai wetland in serious drought, the river flow, water level drops, aquatic plants degradation are the decrease in the number of species, cause wetland atrophy, which greatly reduces the Xianghai nature reserve as an international important wetland, important birds breeding, migration and the habitat of the role.

Fig.3 Statement of static case Domain length l1=2, l2=1, Young’s modulus E=1, poisson’s ratio , number of nodes N1=3, N2=2, nodal distance h=1, initial half support size a1=a2=0.7, time step .
The case parameters are: Domain length l1=10, l2=1, Young’s modulus E=1, poisson’s ratio , number of nodes N1=11, N2=2, nodal distance h=1, initial half support size a1=a2=0.7, time step .
The case parameters are: Domain length l1=10, l2=1, Young’s modulus E=1, poisson’s ratio , number of nodes N1=21, N2=3, nodal distance h=0.5, initial half support size a1=a2=0.35, time step .
Osher, A multiple level set method for modeling grain boundary evolution of polycrystalline materials.

The availability of comprehensive concrete property data is complicated in a number of cases.
Fracture mechanics has a great deal of attention in research, there is a wealth of data to be found but there are a number of limitations to available information and their validity is often limited for AAM.
However, the number of samples alone gives research area for testing.
Springer, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-69895-1 [9] Kucharczykova, B., Topolar, L., Danek, P., Kocab, D., Misak, P., Comprehensive Testing Techniques for the Measurement of Shrinkage and Structural Changes of Fine-Grained Cement-Based Composites during Ageing.

These include depth of cut, mesh size of grinding wheel, and the number of processes from the rough machining to the finishing machining.
In this case as well, increasing the number of processes produced superior surface characteristics.
In the future, we will be working to produce micro tools with even greater strength and higher quality by using materials such as fine-grain sintered super-hard alloy and binderless alloy
+1.476 -1.398 0.107 0.069 5m mm +1.476 -1.398 0.107 0.069 5m mm (a) Depth of cut of 1 m +0.2 -0.2 0.065 0.105 5m mm +0.2 -0.2 0.065 0.105 5m mm (b) Depth of cut of 0.5 m Figure 4: Effect of depth of cut on obtained surface characteristics. 55m Edge 55m55m Edge 55m Edge 55m Edge (a) #1,200 (b) #4,000 Figure 5: Effect of grinding wheel mesh size on obtained surface characteristics (pyramid shape micro tool). 10'm10'm 10'm10'm (a) Two processing steps (b) Four processing steps Figure 6: Effect of number of processes on obtained surface characteristics. 105m 25m 105m 25m25m 205m 155m 205m 155m (a) Ultra precise tool (b) Extremely large aspect ratio micro tool Figure 7: Overviews of produced micro tools under optimum machining conditions.

Koshy et al. [4, 5] in EDDG process, the workpiece is thus simultaneously subjected to heating due to electrical sparks occurring between the periphery of metal bonded grinding wheel and the workpiece, and abrasion by diamond grains having protrusion height more than the inter-electrode gap.
,m; k=1, 2, . . ., n, respectively, where m is the total number of experiment to be considered, and n is the total number of observation data [7].
Table 4: Response and ANOVA table for grey reasoning grade Response table for mean grey relational grade Symbol ANOVA table for grey relational grade Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Max-Min DF SS MS C (%) 0.5939 0.5266 0.6312 0.1046 I 2 0.0169 0.0084 16.28 0.4839 0.5822 0.6856 0.2017 TON 2 0.06104 0.03052 58.80 0.5929 0.6203 0.5385 0.0819 S 2 0.0104 0.0052 10.0 0.5611 0.6421 0.5485 0.0937 DF 2 0.0155 0.0078 14.93 Total 8 0.1038 100 3 2 1 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 3 2 1 3 2 1 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 3 2 1 I Ton S DF Fig. 1: Response Graph of Average grey relational grade Confirmation test: The estimated grey relational grade , Where is the total mean grey relational grade, is the mean grey relational grade at the optimum level and ‘q’ is the number of significant design parameter that affect the multi performance characteristics.

Kim and Hong [7] suggested that the irregular shaped polygons are semi-columnar intermetallic grains with the brittle nature.
Fig. 4 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b,c) from surfaces marked by number 1 (b), 2(c) and electron mapping images of Al (d) on the peeled-off interface surface of Cu-Cr side Fig.5 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b-e) from surface marked by number 1 (b), 2(c), 3(c) and 4(d) in the peeled-off fracture surface of Cu-Cr side of hybrid composite heat-treated at 450℃ for 1.5hr.
Fig.6 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b-e) from surface marked by number 1 (b), 2(c), 3 (c) and 4 (d) in the fracture surface of Cu-Cr side at 450℃ for 1.5hr.