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A recent study shows that the ductility has been effectively improved in Cu-doped Ni-Mn-Ga alloy under the situation of single phase via strengthening grain boundaries [9].
All these energies are normalized by the number of atoms.
As seen in Fig. 2(a)-2(c), comparing the total up and down densities, we note that the differences of the magnetic moments of these materials are determined by the difference between the up and down electron number in the bonding region below EF.

Table 1 Concrete mixture composition Cement I 42.5R [kg/m3] 680 Silica sand [kg/m3] 960 Silica flour [kg/m3] 325 Silica fume [kg/m3] 175 Superplasticizers [kg/m3] 29 Water [kg/m3] 171 Total [kg/m3] 2340 Largest grains of technical silica sand used in the mixture had the diameter of 1.2 mm.
This approach considerably reduced the number of holes in specimen’s ribs (Fig. 1c) and also improved quality of obverse surface.
Fig. 4 Non-lightened specimens; graph (a) and crack development (b) Conclusion The research showed that improvements of lightened testing specimen production technology managed to decrease number of imperfections, but were unable to completely eliminate them (there was still deviation up to 30% from the average of the measured values).

(1) Here, ε& denotes the applied strain rate, A is a constant (~10), D is a diffusivity pertinent to the dynamic process which limits the rate at which strain concentrations due to grainboundary/interface sliding are relaxed, G = the shear modulus, k = Boltzmann's constant, b = length of the Burgers vector, T = test temperature, d = the grain diameter, n (=1/m) is the stress exponent of the strain rate, and p is the grain-size exponent of the strain rate.
In making this graph, the grain size exponent p was taken to be 2 (per previous work [9]), and n was assumed to be 1.67 (i.e., m = 0.6).
Flow-localization-model predictions showing the effect of (a) number of specimen slices and (b) values of m and fo on stress-strain behavior.

In the wear mechanism on the rake face, some of the component elements of the tool material, which work as the grain bonding force in the tool, diffuse into the chip.
Then, the grains are removed by the adhered chip on the tool surface.
For example, when cutting steel using cemented carbide, Cobalt (Co) working as the binder diffuses into the chip; and Tungsten Carbide (WC) grains falls off due to the mechanical action of the chips moving on the rake face.
In this analysis, the profile of the crater wear was analyzed by the number of cuttings and the wear distribution at 0.007938 sec in Fig. 9.

According to their study, CIRCLY resulted in a lower number of allowable repetitions based on Austroads recommended loading.
For the subgrade soil, which consists of fine grain soil, a bilinear model of Thompson and Robnett [26] is one the most acceptable models.
This bilinear equation models the softening behavior of fine grain subgrade and can be written as follow: (4) where: K1,K2,K3 and K4 are materials parameters from laboratory test results To implement a nonlinear analysis in this paper, a very simple and effective method has been applied.
The base is modeled to show hardening behavior while subgrade has a softening trend which is characteristics of fine grain soils.

it has been growing and the number of published works has been increasing and it has been spreading the Solution Blow Spinning technique and its variations in recent years.
The formation of the β crystalline phase by this technique may be related to the stretch suffered by the polymeric grain during the sample manufacturing process.
PVDF - α is obtained from the DMF solution under high solvent evaporation rates, a fact that can occur in SBS, because as all the solvent must evaporate on the way between the nozzle and the collector, this process must be very fast, forming polymeric grains in the α phase [13,14] These grains under the effect of high pressure are stretched to form the fibers, altering in this process the conformation of their chains, inducing the phase transition.

The crack growth law may be a function of a number of parameters including stress ratio, R, load frequency, load cycle waveform and temperature.
In a brittle mode, the crack growth takes place essentially in a continuous manner along the grain boundary through a grain sliding mechanism.
The analysis uses temperature dependent Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio for coarse grained RR1000.

Figure 1 shows the location of geometry measurement for the Au ball bonds and the location of the three indentations with its respective number that have been made on the cross sectioned of ball bonds.
According to Harman [15], HAZ is the weakest part of Au wire bonds because it has a larger grain structure than the rest of the wire bonds.
This is might be due to the increase of recovery and recrystallization of Au ball bond that happened during the increment of stage temperature for which it has reduced the yield strength and increase the deformation of Au ball bond because of the elimination of dislocations and the increment of grain size [27].
Soboyejo, “Nanoindentation measurements of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline Au and Ag thin films on silicon substrates: Effects of grain size and film thickness,” Mater.

They have shown that the deflocculation and dispersion of the cement grains are directly related to the adsorption of the superplasticizer on the surface of the particles.
By adsorbing on the cement surface, superplasticizers can enhance the rheological properties of the pastes by increasing the dispersion degree of cement grains [20].
Action of superplasticizers: Deflocculation of cement grains [22].
For example, in PC6, the use of superplasticizer enhances the maximum attraction between particles, which increases the number of sites available for nucleation and decreases the bridging distance between particles, resulting in an increase in yield stress, plastic viscosity, and sieve segregation resistance [11,12].

Table 1 Phy-chemical properties of soil soil pH 1:20 organic % texture (%) sand grain clay grain silt grain laterite 5.34 3.23 34.12 25.68 40.19 paddy soil 4.52 4.19 42.09 33.99 23.92 dry red soil 5.83 0.11 97.97 1.23 0.8 Biochar production.
After biomass was pyrolysed, the number of micropore and specific surface areas increased.