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Online since: December 2024
Authors: Siti Sarah Aliah Mohd Najib, Lee Wei Ann, Mohd Nazri Mohd Sokri, Norhana Mohamed Rashid, Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop
Graphene has been synthesized by a number of techniques, including top-down approaches such as exfoliation of graphene from graphite and the chemical reduction of graphene (RGO).
The reduction of volatile matters rises with the activating agent concentrations [14].
Luo et al. stated that ZnCl2 promotes the production of C-C/C=O groups of graphene, and cause a reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in wastewater application [17].
Surface area was calculated from adsorption data at relative pressures (P/P0) ranging from 0.001 to 0.165 using the BET technique.
However, excessive activating agents in the production of highly porous carbon can cause agglomeration at high temperatures which contribute towards surface area reduction in this study [27].
The reduction of volatile matters rises with the activating agent concentrations [14].
Luo et al. stated that ZnCl2 promotes the production of C-C/C=O groups of graphene, and cause a reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in wastewater application [17].
Surface area was calculated from adsorption data at relative pressures (P/P0) ranging from 0.001 to 0.165 using the BET technique.
However, excessive activating agents in the production of highly porous carbon can cause agglomeration at high temperatures which contribute towards surface area reduction in this study [27].
Online since: September 2008
Authors: Elisabeth Windeisen, Gerd Wegener
They found a strong reduction in the carbonyl
peak in their thermolysis-treated, extractive free wood samples indicating that compounds with
acetyl groups become soluble by thermal treatment.
In contrast, xylose as the main constituent becomes soluble in the thermal treated samples, what is more apparent for the hot water extract (see data in Figures 7 and 8). 1.1 11.7 2.0 14.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sugars in KW extracts [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Rha Man Ara Gal Xyl M-Glc Glc Figure 7: Sugar composition (as anhydro sugars) of cold water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment 3.1 24.7 2.4 30.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sugars in HW extracts [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Rha Man Ara Gal Xyl M-Glc Glc Figure 8: Sugar composition (as anhydro sugars) of hot water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment Table 2: Soluble xylan content [%] based on water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment Soluble xylan [%] based on cold water extracts Soluble xylan [%] based on hot water extracts [%] Total soluble xylan [%] A-Ref 0.05 0.06
The thioacidolysis products were determined by GC in relation to tetracosane and without further reduction, the method is limited to monomeric products.
Thermal treatment affects a reduction of acetyl groups. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Acetyl content [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Figure 12: Comparison of the acetyl group content of ash and beech wood before and after thermal treatment The phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups and the sum of both were calculated by means of the acetyl groups determined.
This is due to the reduction of structural units bound by arylglycerol-β-ether bonds.
In contrast, xylose as the main constituent becomes soluble in the thermal treated samples, what is more apparent for the hot water extract (see data in Figures 7 and 8). 1.1 11.7 2.0 14.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sugars in KW extracts [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Rha Man Ara Gal Xyl M-Glc Glc Figure 7: Sugar composition (as anhydro sugars) of cold water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment 3.1 24.7 2.4 30.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sugars in HW extracts [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Rha Man Ara Gal Xyl M-Glc Glc Figure 8: Sugar composition (as anhydro sugars) of hot water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment Table 2: Soluble xylan content [%] based on water extracts of ash and beech before and after thermal treatment Soluble xylan [%] based on cold water extracts Soluble xylan [%] based on hot water extracts [%] Total soluble xylan [%] A-Ref 0.05 0.06
The thioacidolysis products were determined by GC in relation to tetracosane and without further reduction, the method is limited to monomeric products.
Thermal treatment affects a reduction of acetyl groups. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Acetyl content [%] A-Ref A-200 B-Ref B-200 Figure 12: Comparison of the acetyl group content of ash and beech wood before and after thermal treatment The phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups and the sum of both were calculated by means of the acetyl groups determined.
This is due to the reduction of structural units bound by arylglycerol-β-ether bonds.
Online since: October 2025
Authors: Po Yang, Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Muhammad Senoyodha Brennaf
Nonetheless, encrypted data incurs costs for customers’ communication and data size that exceed twice the original size.
Moreover, the compressed data yielded a reduced size compared to the original data, reducing clients’ memory usage by up to 60%
Nevertheless, the size of the data would increase as a result of the data translation.
References [1] European Union, What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?
A. y Arcas, Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data, Artif.
Moreover, the compressed data yielded a reduced size compared to the original data, reducing clients’ memory usage by up to 60%
Nevertheless, the size of the data would increase as a result of the data translation.
References [1] European Union, What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?
A. y Arcas, Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data, Artif.
Online since: March 2013
Authors: Jian Feng Mao, Jun Hui Zhang, Wei Zhe Wang
Maclachlan et al. [3] corrects for the fact that failure would occur as actual stress goes to ultimate tensile stress rather than infinity, and provides a correlation of short-term stress-rupture tensile data and longer term creep data.
The ultimate tensile data of 12CrMoW is in comparison with the 5Cr, 9Cr steels after tempering at 750℃ in Fig. 2.
Since the most mechanical data of high temperature steel is obtained from the uniaxial test, it should be modified by triaxial coefficient Rv when applied to the real component due to its multi-axial stress behavior.
In internal flow passages, the steam temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient applied on the internal passages were set from 620℃and 5140 W/m2.K to 423℃and 25 W/m2.K respectively, according to the calculated data from empirical equation.
The multiaxial life prediction is consistent with published data.
The ultimate tensile data of 12CrMoW is in comparison with the 5Cr, 9Cr steels after tempering at 750℃ in Fig. 2.
Since the most mechanical data of high temperature steel is obtained from the uniaxial test, it should be modified by triaxial coefficient Rv when applied to the real component due to its multi-axial stress behavior.
In internal flow passages, the steam temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient applied on the internal passages were set from 620℃and 5140 W/m2.K to 423℃and 25 W/m2.K respectively, according to the calculated data from empirical equation.
The multiaxial life prediction is consistent with published data.
Online since: April 2019
Authors: Geoffrey R. Mitchell, Sara Gomes, Paula Pascoal-Faria, Thomas Gkourmpis, Tristan Youngs
The results show the range of data intrinsic for a spallation source operating in time-of-flight mode to generate a single data set, as illustrated in Figure 1 when obtained from NIMROD [4].
This data contains a wide range of correlations spaning from the local chain conformation to the spatial arrangement of chain segments [5][6].
Figure 1 shows data for a poly(ε-caprolactone) sample at 20°C in the semi-crystalline state and at 80°C in the melt state [4].
The data obtained from NIMROD allows the development of exhaustive and well constrained models of complex scattering systems, and cover the three critical length scales in the ordering process [8][9].
It is possible to verify that after the temperature reduction, its stabilisation occurs during a period of 2 s.
This data contains a wide range of correlations spaning from the local chain conformation to the spatial arrangement of chain segments [5][6].
Figure 1 shows data for a poly(ε-caprolactone) sample at 20°C in the semi-crystalline state and at 80°C in the melt state [4].
The data obtained from NIMROD allows the development of exhaustive and well constrained models of complex scattering systems, and cover the three critical length scales in the ordering process [8][9].
It is possible to verify that after the temperature reduction, its stabilisation occurs during a period of 2 s.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Peng Li, Yuan Zeng, Zhi Huan Li, Yin Sheng Su
Coupled with the universal application of the software to the analysis of domestic electric power company's grid computing, it has great advantage in the data generality.
Even if it is a simulation analysis of existing wind power generator model, it is still incompatible with the actually running data of the wind power generator and cannot obtain effective analysis results.
The results of the modeling and simulation analysis cannot match the actual running data of the wind power generator.
Therefore, from the perspective of academic research, it is urged to complete the open for the data of the wind power generator, realizing the prosperity of the academic research development.
And it will also lead to many serious problems, such as the model validity and the data correction.
Even if it is a simulation analysis of existing wind power generator model, it is still incompatible with the actually running data of the wind power generator and cannot obtain effective analysis results.
The results of the modeling and simulation analysis cannot match the actual running data of the wind power generator.
Therefore, from the perspective of academic research, it is urged to complete the open for the data of the wind power generator, realizing the prosperity of the academic research development.
And it will also lead to many serious problems, such as the model validity and the data correction.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Ivana Turekova, Zuzana Szabova, Michal Svoboda
The tank (data in Table 2) is the part of the operation of storage LPG, where are located 20 tanks and pumping station.
EC CAS Symbol of danger R phrases Propane the most 40 200-827-9 74-98-6 F+ 12 Physical properties Property unit Description / Value Physical state - liquefied gas Temperature ignition (°C) 460 Flashpoint (°C) - 69 Lower explosive limit % (v/v ) 2,1 Upper explosive limit % (v/v) 9,5 Pressure of saturated vapours at 20 ° C (kPa) 770 Table 2 Brief description of the storage tank (marking H01) Description of tank: horizontal, cylindrical steel tank, piping connections is in the pit on top of the tank Stored substance: Propane Characteristic : Flammable hydrocarbon gas liquified by pressure Working pressure: 1.6 MPa Working temperature: -35 °C to +50 °C Results and discussion In Table 3 are input data and results obtained by programs EFFECTS PLUS 5.5 for the calculation of the amount of leaked propane and an explosive atmosphere in the tank H01.
"safety margin" that must be used due to the used input data.
ALOHA program has limitations in the amount of data for example: -time factor, -pool area, -parameters of hole in the pipe from which is detected a leak of substance with which works and uses the program EFFECT PLUS.
References [1] EN 60079-10: 2003 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas [2] TNI 33 2320 - December 2004 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Determination of hazardous areas - Commentary to EN 60079-10 [3] HRUBY, J., MELEN, J., POHLUDKA, J.Recommendations for risk reduction of hazardous areas [4] Government Regulation 406/2004 Requirements for safety and health at work in potentially explosive atmospheres [5] U.
EC CAS Symbol of danger R phrases Propane the most 40 200-827-9 74-98-6 F+ 12 Physical properties Property unit Description / Value Physical state - liquefied gas Temperature ignition (°C) 460 Flashpoint (°C) - 69 Lower explosive limit % (v/v ) 2,1 Upper explosive limit % (v/v) 9,5 Pressure of saturated vapours at 20 ° C (kPa) 770 Table 2 Brief description of the storage tank (marking H01) Description of tank: horizontal, cylindrical steel tank, piping connections is in the pit on top of the tank Stored substance: Propane Characteristic : Flammable hydrocarbon gas liquified by pressure Working pressure: 1.6 MPa Working temperature: -35 °C to +50 °C Results and discussion In Table 3 are input data and results obtained by programs EFFECTS PLUS 5.5 for the calculation of the amount of leaked propane and an explosive atmosphere in the tank H01.
"safety margin" that must be used due to the used input data.
ALOHA program has limitations in the amount of data for example: -time factor, -pool area, -parameters of hole in the pipe from which is detected a leak of substance with which works and uses the program EFFECT PLUS.
References [1] EN 60079-10: 2003 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas [2] TNI 33 2320 - December 2004 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Determination of hazardous areas - Commentary to EN 60079-10 [3] HRUBY, J., MELEN, J., POHLUDKA, J.Recommendations for risk reduction of hazardous areas [4] Government Regulation 406/2004 Requirements for safety and health at work in potentially explosive atmospheres [5] U.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Stefano Spigarelli, D. Ciccarelli, Giuseppe Cupitò, Y. Rami, Mohamad El Mehtedi, Menachem Bamberger
Also in this case the simple Equation 3 was used to model the experimental data.
As a result, all the experimental data, irrespective of the experimental technique, for this alloy collapse on a single curve when expressed in the form of Zener-Hollomon parameter: exp( / ) Z Q RT ε= & (4) (Figure 5).
The situation is more complex in the case of the alloy 2; in the creep regime, the activation energy was found to be reasonably constant and close to 180 kJ/mol; these experimental data are plotted in form of Zener-Hollomon parameter in Figure 5b, where, for the sake of comparison with Fig.5a, a value of Q=170 kJ/mol was used.
In the wide range of temperature investigated in torsion, the situation is different; in an intermediate strain-rate region, the superimposition of the data obtained at different temperature confirms that Q is close to 170 kJ/mol; by contrast, in the low-strain-rate regime, the Q value giving the overlapping of data for different testing temperatures is lower.
Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of stress for both tensile creep and torsion data.
As a result, all the experimental data, irrespective of the experimental technique, for this alloy collapse on a single curve when expressed in the form of Zener-Hollomon parameter: exp( / ) Z Q RT ε= & (4) (Figure 5).
The situation is more complex in the case of the alloy 2; in the creep regime, the activation energy was found to be reasonably constant and close to 180 kJ/mol; these experimental data are plotted in form of Zener-Hollomon parameter in Figure 5b, where, for the sake of comparison with Fig.5a, a value of Q=170 kJ/mol was used.
In the wide range of temperature investigated in torsion, the situation is different; in an intermediate strain-rate region, the superimposition of the data obtained at different temperature confirms that Q is close to 170 kJ/mol; by contrast, in the low-strain-rate regime, the Q value giving the overlapping of data for different testing temperatures is lower.
Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of stress for both tensile creep and torsion data.
Online since: August 2011
Authors: R. Cooper, J. Wang, O.S. David-West
Element base calculation in finite element analysis requires data from the neighboring elements; an imaginary element or node is a ready entity and contributes locally in the analysis where it is introduced.
The box was excited with an instrumented hammer and the vibration data were acquired via a portable digital vibrometer (PDV 100) focused on strategic points on the structure.
A roving hammer test of 67 test points was conducted on the simple box with a laser vibrometer located at a fixed point as reference, to obtain the vibration data.
The vibration was generated by the energy input into the structure using an instrumented hammer and the vibration data picked by the use of a laser vibrometer.
Mottershead and H Ahmadian ‘Finite-element model updating using experimental test data: parametrization and regularization’ Phil.
The box was excited with an instrumented hammer and the vibration data were acquired via a portable digital vibrometer (PDV 100) focused on strategic points on the structure.
A roving hammer test of 67 test points was conducted on the simple box with a laser vibrometer located at a fixed point as reference, to obtain the vibration data.
The vibration was generated by the energy input into the structure using an instrumented hammer and the vibration data picked by the use of a laser vibrometer.
Mottershead and H Ahmadian ‘Finite-element model updating using experimental test data: parametrization and regularization’ Phil.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Chun Ping Lin, Mei Li You, Jo Ming Tseng, Yi Ming Chang
Four to five milligrams of the sample was used to acquire the experimental data.
Table 2 Results for the scanning data of the thermal runaway decomposition via the Thermostat software byTAM III.
Fig. 2 shows that not all of the data are compatible with the model.
This data set was excluded from further analysis.
[6] Material safety data sheet.
Table 2 Results for the scanning data of the thermal runaway decomposition via the Thermostat software byTAM III.
Fig. 2 shows that not all of the data are compatible with the model.
This data set was excluded from further analysis.
[6] Material safety data sheet.