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The advent of nanostructured materials and the need to design microelectronic and micromechanical devices with length scales of nanometers require not only a profound understanding, but also a reliable prediction of mechanical properties of such structures.
From the comparison of the model results with experimental data we can conclude on the importance of the different influence factors on creep in thin films. 2 Discrete dislocation model A model of diffusional creep in a thin film geometry with a single grain boundary is set up here.
In the present work we have restricted ourselves to the case where the elastic properties of film and substrate are identical, which is a very good approximation for a copper film on a silicon substrate.
Nix, Mechanical properties of thin films, Metallurgical Transactions A 20 (1989) 2217-2245
These values mimic material properties of copper.

Box 102, Yusung, Daejon, 305-600, Korea 2 Department of Bio-Mechanical Engineering, Kongju National University, Chungnam, 340-702, Korea Keywords: Non-destructive Testing (NDT), Infrared (IR) Thermography, Thermal Imaging, Finite Volume Method (FVM), Heat Transfer Abstract.
According to the distance reaching the defects from the surface, the thermal imaging affected by temperature differences are compared, The simulations are also evaluated with the thermal pattern acquired by a qualitative IR thermography in a local district of the concrete deck Nomenclature i, j subscript, tensor, - g gravitation, m2/sec T temperature, ℃ u velocity, m/sec x coordinate, m symbol β therrmal expansion factor, 1/℃ ρ density, m3/kg ∆ difference, - Introduction Thermal imaging technology using the infrared thermography is one of prospective non-contact and non-destructive technologies.
Over the year, the importance of infrared imaging technology in NDT for mechanical and electrical facilities has been increasing popularity mainly because it makes remote inspection possible by sensing the thermal radiation emitted from the warm object.
Dimension and property of numerical modeling Table 2.
Table 2 shows properties of steel concrete sub-material and defect material of reinforced concrete.

Considering the little distinction in chemical compositions and strong similarity in mechanical property between these two materials, 21-4N can be replaced by 21-2N in the simulation.
(2) Horizontal stress and mean stress are relatively greatly affected by forming angle.
And the stage greatly affected by forming angle is stretching stage.
Maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain are not greatly affected by forming angle
Mechanical Research & Application Vol.(20)(2007) , p. 47–49, in Chinese

Many of the coating properties, such as hardness, adhesion, tribological behaviour or formation of micro cracks, depend not only on the material inherit properties, but also on the thermal history of the component.
Table 2: Mechanical and thermo physical properties of substrate and coating materials (b: bulk material; APS: sprayed material) [24].
The thermal history of the composite influences coating properties such as porosity, residual stresses, micro crack formation, etc.
By applying air cooling, the crack formation was reduced and controlled, being the porosity the parameter affecting the coating electrical resistivity, as it can be seen in Fig. 18.
However, if the requirements regarding electrical properties are fulfilled by the one-layer systems, these are less time consuming during production.

The environmental factors that can affect the materials corrosion behaviour such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pressure changed compared with the shallow sea [5], and the materials corrosion behaviour was also different.
Many types of commercial aluminum anodes, performed good electrochemical property in shallow sea, suffered serious local corrosion and failed early in deepwater environment.
When the crystal size is refined, the anode mechanical loss during dissolution is reduced and the pits formed on the anode surface are easily to connect together, and the anode dissolution morphology is uniform.
Campbell, The influence of Ti and Zr on electrochemical properties of aluminum sacrificial anodes, Materials Science and Engineering A. 431(2006) 263-276.

Mechanical properties of 34CrMo steel obtained during testing with different deformation rates in solution Nace NACE TM 0177 (A).
A Air Sol.A/ Air Air 0.0013 1037 1037 1 20.5 20.5 1 Solution А 0.13 1012 1037 0.98 14.7 20.5 0.72 Solution А 0.013 993 1037 0.96 6.3 20.5 0.31 Solution А 0.0013 556 1037 0.54 3.7 20.5 0.18 Solution А 0.00013 552 1037 0.53 3.5 20.5 0.17 Tests in solution A with gas saturation with hydrogen sulfide showed a significant effect of the deformation rate on the mechanical properties of 34CrMo steel.
A further decrease in the deformation rate to ⁓ 10-7 s-1 practically does not affect the values of the obtained fracture characteristics.
When the temperature rises to 80 °C, the stress ratio increases almost twice, which indicates a significant decrease in the negative factor of hydrogen sulfide.
Steel 09Mn2Si is the least affected by temperature on destruction in the hydrogen sulfide environment compared to steels 34CrMo and X70, which is confirmed by the stability of the criterion with a deformation ratio of 0.17 despite temperature changes.

Introduction Linear oscillatory actuator (LOA) is one kind power conversion installment which can transform directly electrical energy into the mechanical energy.
Moving-magnet motors with the advantage of compact structure, high oscillatory frequency [5-7], but the PM’s support requires to use the non-magnetic- conductivity and non-electrical-conductivity material, the mechanical strength of PM and the oscillation resistance property  needs high demanding and processing costs.
These factors are not well considered if employs equivalent magnetic circuit method, but the results obtained by FEM is more accurate.
So as to take advantage of fast calculating for 2-D finite element, on condition that it does not affect the solution precision, neglecting the motor’s iron core saturation, then the problem of analyzing LOA’s electromagnetic field is reduced to 2-D steady-state magnetic field problem.
Howe, “Design optimisation of moving-magnet actuators for reciprocating electro-mechanical systems,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 3746-3748, 1995

Precise Angle Control of Electromechanical Actuator With Fuzzy PID and Genetic Algorithm Yebing Cui1, a, Jian Zheng1,b , Yutao JU 1,c , and Jing Xu1,d 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of science & technology, Nanjing, China acuiyebing@163.com, b,c juyutao@mail.njust.edu.cn email, druole@163.com Keywords: electromechanical actuator;　Brushless DC motors;　genetic algorithm;　fuzzy logic Abstract.
These properties include the mechanical resonance effect, the delay issue between the control signal and the actuator, the motor parameters, the battery voltage drop and the variable friction effect among the gears mechanism.
In practical applications, the controller’s effectiveness is directly affected by the different combination of the three parameters kp, ki , kd, Also the optimization of the traditional PID requires certain experience, and many methods’ optimization results are not ideal[10].
Although the fuzzy PID controller combines the advantage of the two controllers, there are some unfavorable conditions to realize intelligent control, such as control rules of the fuzzy inference system is uneasy to formulate, and the fuzzy quantitative factor and PID scaling factor also are determined mainly by experience[15,16].
Following is the concrete realization process: (1) In order to manipulate the control gains, a GA coding must be developed, the fuzzy PID controller’s parameters kp, ki, kd, and the quantitative factors ke, kec, which are represented using eight bits, separately coded into {10101110;10101011;10001101;000111110; 11010100;10101010;1101011}.

As mentioned before, pH of solution affected the temporary surface charge of the adsorbent.
Sounboon, Risk factors related to the consumption of arsenic from contaminated soil without the intent of the people in Dan Chang District Suphanburi Province, BU Academic Review, 10(2)(2011)81-95
Han, Chemical-mechanical characteristics of crushed oyster-shell, Waste Manage. 23 (2003) 825-834
Hameed, Textural porosity, surface chemistry and adsorptive properties of durian shell derived activated carbon prepared by microwave assisted NaOH activation, Chem.
Morgan, Adsorption properties of Ca2+ on Na-kaolinite and its effect on flocculation using polyacrylamides, Colloids and Surfaces. 32 (1988) 127-138

Membrane is basically a thin layer between two fluid phases, its feed phase and the permeate phase which is a barrier to a particular species, which can separate substances of different sizes and limit the transport of various species based on physical and chemical properties.
The stability of membrane strength depends on the chemical, mechanical and thermal conditions of the membrane[3].
Inorganic membranes have recently caught the attention of the research and industry communities because of their long life span and better resistance to environmental factors and extrinsic industries.
Silica membranes have excellent molecular filtration properties and simple fabrication processes through sol-gel processing, although they need functionalization to overcome hydro-instability.
In addition to providing strength to the membrane pores, the addition of cobalt in silica sol will affect silanol and siloxane groups.