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Yilbas2,c 1 School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Eng., DCU, Dublin, Ireland 2 ME Department, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
They showed that dynamic factors played an important role in laser nitriding process.
The true modulus of elasticity can be determined using the indenter properties [10], i.e.: (2) where Ei and ni are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of indenter, respectively.
As the depth below the surface increases further middle-like structure is formed, which is the indication of the heat affected zone.

It's well known that grain refinement is an effective route to improve the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys [4-5].
The elements of Fe and Mn in Mg-Al alloys were proved to be important factors to determine the refining efficiency of carbon inoculation.
For the sample treated by combined addition of Fe and Mn firstly and then carbon inoculation, the formation of Al4C3 was possibly affected by Al-Fe, Al-Mn intermetallic compounds，solute Fe, Mn.

The multiple reactors in parallel reactions are required to meet the requirements of industrial production due to the mechanical limitation of stirred tank reactor.
Because the presence of absorbed water may affect its catalytic performance, pre-treatment of the resin is a pre-requisite for a reproducible evaluation of its catalytic properties.
is reaction volume and is reaction rate constant. , , are the indexes about influence factors , , (molar volume flow rate) respectively.

At the same time the performance of the refrigerants and their flammability are other crucial factors that have to be taken into account while selecting the refrigerants (Adnan Sozen et al 2006).
Initially, the system was purged with nitrogen gas to check leakage, to remove impurities, moisture and other foreign materials inside the system, which may affect the experimental results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank the department of Mechanical Engineering of Ponjesly college of Engineering, Nagercoil, for using their laboratory tools for this work.
[4] Adnan Sozen and Mehmet zalp O (2006), “Erol Arcakliog˘lu b Calculation for the thermodynamic properties of an alternative refrigerant (R508b) using artificial neural network”, online 4 August 2006

YEO2,c 1Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore 2School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore aweilun@ntu.edu.sg, bmoizsv@ntu.edu.sg, cmshyeo@ntu.edu.sg Keywords: cavitation machining, abrasive particles, ultrasonic, surface roughness improvement Abstract.
However, surface irregularities resulting from these technologies result in manufactured parts having high surface roughness that affects their wear, corrosion and fatigue resistance [2].
In reality, due to restrictions posed by factors such as confined workplace, workpiece geometry and horn dimensions, it would not always be possible to place the ultrasonic horn at the suitable location for effective material removal on the workpiece surface to be carried out.
Development of a Non-contact Micro-deburring Method Using Ultrasonic Cavitation Bubbles, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 512-515 (2012), pg. 1877-1881 [4] Chi Ma, Yalin Dong and Chang Ye, Improving surface finish of 3D-printed metals by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification, CIRP Ann., Manufacturing Technology Vol. 45 (2016), pg. 319-322 [5] Ye Linzhang, Ahu Xijing, Wang Jianqing and Zhang Lelin, Simulations of ultrasonic cavitation micro-jet impact with different angles based on CEL, Journal of Vibration and Shock Vol. 35 (2016), pg. 130-135 [6] Linzheng Ye and Xijing Zhu, Analysis of the effect of impact of near-wall acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet on Al 1060, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Vol. 36 (2017), pg. 507-516 [7] Mehdi Hadi, Influence of Size of Abrasive Particles in Conveyor Liquid on Ultrasonic Cavitation Machining Process, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 87 (2011), pg. 155-158 [8] Si Huang, Akio Ihara, Hideo Watanabe and Hiroyuki Hashimoto, Effects of Solid Particle Properties

Introduction Vanadium nitride which possesses high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability has been widely used in many fields especially in steelmaking industry [[] R.Niewa and F.J.Disalvo: Chem.
The widely application of vanadium nitride as an important steelmelting additive in steelmaking industry can be contributed to two factors.
The property of vanadium nitride has been studied [[] Zhiyu Lu: Study on the preparation of High Density V-N Microalloy Additive (Northeastern University, Shenyang, 2005) In Chinese. ], which indicated that suitable density could avoid being oxidized by oxygen, and promoting the recovery of vanadium and nitrogen in steel.
Therefore, the apparent density is the most important property of vanadium nitride as an additive in steelmaking industry, which is required to be higher than 3.0 g/cm3 in industry application [[] Chinese National Standard :GB/T20567-2006 ].
It seems that densification of the sample depends on the nitrogen diffusion and vanadium nitride production rate which are both affected by the reaction temperature

The occurrence of accidents and the subsequent destruction of metal structures is associated with many factors, but almost always due to the formation of damage in the elements of these structures According to the normative documents [1], defects and damage of elements of steel structures depending on the responsibility of a particular element to ensure the operability of the structure as a whole, as well as the degree of danger of defect or damage, are divided into three categories: - the category Ad includes defects and damages of especially responsible elements and connections which pose direct danger for destruction of a steel design as a whole; - category Bd includes defects and damages that do not pose a direct danger to the destruction of the steel structure at the time of detection, but may subsequently cause damage to other elements (assemblies, joints) and may be transferred to category Ad during further operation; - category Cd includes defects and damages that do not belong
In particular, in his work VV Kotelnikov [5], considers methods and devices of thermal control, based on the fact that during the occurrence of deformations in steel structures, under the influence of mechanical stresses, a certain amount of energy (heat) is released, which is fixed by using an infrared camera, this method of thermal non-destructive testing is called passive and does not allow to detect defects after their formation.
A significant problem in conducting practical research and experiments was the property of metals to reflect infrared radiation.
The quality of thermograms is significantly affected by the degree of gloss of surface of the object, the high degree of gloss does not allow to obtain reliable data, to reduce the degree of gloss of the surface of the object requires a special coating with a high radiation coefficient.
[4] Zhengwei Yang, Xingyu Xie, Yin Li, Gan Tian, “Numerical Analysis of Influencing Factors and Capability for Line Laser Scanning Thermography Nondestructive Testing Technology in Chemicals Corrosion Defect Detection”, IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 484 (1): 012026, 2019

Such a crack is well represented by a special interface element, which has its mechanical properties representing the crack behaviour based on previous experience.
Further crack can appear in the element in dependence on the shear properties of the crack.
Microplane model is a microscopic mechanical model, which describes the material properties on the set of microscopic planes.
Smeared approach is used to model material properties such as cracks or distributed reinforcement.
There can be two reinforcement components with different properties and directions in one material point.

Thus air and droplet deformation control volume corresponding coupling the continuity equation and equations of motion were obtained through using of mass, momentum conservation principle, most unstable wave number and the droplet growth rate of expression was exported under disturbance waves in the air, the vibration characteristics of the HVAS droplet were analyzed with coupled vibration model, HVAS process parameters on droplet characteristics was discussed, which the process is important theoretical significance for reasonable choice of materials and control of HVAS. 1 The coupling vibration equation for high velocity arc spraying process Spraying molten droplet formation process affected by many factors， such as the arc temperature areas, air velocity, air pressure, body temperature, spraying the atmosphere and so on.
By formula (15) and make it equal to 0 the derivative, the most unstable wave number: (16) 3 Model Validation Assume the role of high nitrogen liquid metal under the coating of titanium used to set the initial speed of high-speed ，HVAS the corresponding parameters into the mathematical model, Solver written using MATLAB, you can get nitrogen on liquid titanium with high-speed spray disturbance wave number and the relationship between growth factors.
Draw the nitrogen for high-speed spraying of liquid titanium disturbance wave number and the relationship between growth factors shown in Figure 1.
(3) Impact droplets vibration characteristics with different spraying molten Different wire coating have different physical properties, Figure 6 shows the change of vibration characteristics of droplets during spraying Nickel, Titanium and Aluminum at the initial velocity with the 200m / s of the N2 gas.
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 41 (2005), p.169一173

They also suggested that the main factors affecting the biodiesel yield are; molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time.
Ramadhas, Muraleedharan and Jayaraj [7] have analysed the important properties of methyl esters of rubber seed oil and compared with other esters and diesel.
Experiments Fuel Properties.
They were tested for their properties and one of them found to be closely matched with that of diesel. 2.
Pramanik, Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy, 28 (2003) 239–248