Search results

incubation. 2.1.3 Cementation Mixtures A composition of 10 g NH4Cl, 3 g nutrient broth, 2.12 g NaHCO3, 2.80 g CaCl2 in addition 20 g urea, per liter of distilled water, was used as cementation reagent for the study. 2.1.4 Chemical Structure of Laboratory Simulated Leachate The chemical composition of laboratory simulated leachate is made up of table salt as well as monosodium glutamate gotten from normal crops, added to the municipal solid waste soaked in water. 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Isolation process of Bacillus coagulans Species The processes involved in the isolation of the microbial species from the soil known as the serial dilution [19]. 2.2.2 Microbial Culturing Media and Growth Environments The processes and methods adopted for preparing the culture media as well as the growth conditions are based on the recommendations of Stocks-Fischer et al. [20]. 2.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Falling head approach was used for the test since the soil sample used is a fine-grained
Results and Discussion 3.1 Index Properties Results of study on the soil materials show that it is fine-grained with 11.3% as the value of its moisture content in the natural form.
However, considering soil samples permeated with leachate as permeating fluid, micrograph depicts a coarse grain appearance with cemented surface morphology.
Francisca and Glatstein [29] described the existence of microbes in leachate reduced meaningfully in magnitude for hydraulic conductivity samples subjected to a long duration of time, measured by right observing the number of the existing microbes in the permeating liquid.

Elastic deformation of grain Elastic deformation Pile-up Removed (a) Three phases of surface grinding (b) Five phases of cylindrical grinding Fig. 1.
Interactions between single grain and workpiece Along the grinding arc area, from the cut-in to cut-out, the grinding chip thickness is not constant, the undeformed chip thickness gradually increases in the cut-in and then gradually decreases after entering the cut-out, that the heat flow from the cut-in to cut-out will increase and then decreases, in such case, the traditional triangular heat flux distribution model is no longer suitable to predict the temperature in the grinding arc area.
For the assumed quadratic curve heat flux distribution model, the heat flux to the workpiece is given by a 2nd order polynomial function (1) In the case of the quadratic heat flux distribution, the heat source in the grinding arc area can be viewed as the formation of unlimited number of line heat source that first increases and then decreases continuously with the changes in heat intensity q(xi)=Axi2+Bxi.
As we know there are normally two kinds of grinding signals about the temperature signal, background signal and peak signal, where the background corresponds to the temperature on the ground workpiece surface, the peak temperature corresponds to the temperature at grinding point of single grain.

- Deflocculating the cement grains, which is obtained by the use of organic products (condensed Formaldehyde and Melamine sulfunate or Naphthalene sulfunate), allows the cement grains in suspension in water to regain their original granularity [10].
This path leads to a significant reduction in the necessary amount of water [11], since high proportion of it, is no more, as in ordinary concrete, trapped in flocks of cement grains, and therefore is not useful for workability
However, considering the cost of additions and additives, this method allows getting the best price and takes account of the rapid loss of workability, hence the interest of a rational method of composition, leading to the control a great number of parameters with a minimum testing.

The waste brick dust was dried at 105 °C to a constant weight and then ground in a ball mill to a grain size of less than 0.3 mm (D10 = 0.885 µm, D50 = 9.600 µm and D90 = 155.416 µm).
Table 1 Tomographic data acquisition parameters Geometric parameters AAAS composite Concrete before loading Concrete after loading X-Ray source–detector distance (mm) 349.9 359.9 359.6 X-Ray source–object distance (mm) 234.0 225.0 240.5 Projection magnification (×) 1.5 1.6 1.5 Pixel size (µm) 50.02 46.76 50.03 X-Ray source parameters Accelerating voltage (kV) 230.0 230.0 230.0 Target current (µA) 190.0 195.0 210.0 Target power (W) 43.7 44.8 48.3 Image data acquisition Exposure time (ms) 240 250 230 Image averaging (×) 4 4 4 Number of projections (–) 2400 1800 1800 Tomographically obtained 3D models of the concrete were compared using a module for digital volume correlation.
From the observation of AAAS composites, it is additionally evident that the cracks pass through the matrix and pores, but not the grains of brick dust, where they copy the interfacial transition zone.
Aside from the applied load during the compressive test, the process of the production of test specimens, the size and distribution of the pores and grains of brick dust, and the possible presence of cracks caused by the maturation of the specimens may all play a role in this behaviour.

Graphite possesses fine-grained structure and sometimes it is named amorphous graphite, however it is not really amorphous but microcrystalline material.
At the boarder of grains, in the contact zones of the components, during the sintering chemical reactions can proceed leading to formation of new phases, which however were not revealed using the methods of X-ray diffraction.
Change of the matrix of the composite and manner of its obtaining, kind and number of activators gives a possibility of production of another composites, selectively useful in electrochemical processes.
It was found that its electrocatalytic activity was increased in comparison with that determined for the Ni nano-rod and film due to both larger and higher numbers of surface reactive sites.
Number of new technologies in which the newest special electrode materials are obtained, increases very fastly [26,27].

It has been confirmed by a large number of engineering practice in improving the stress state of rock and soil mass, soil bearing capacity and stability [1-3].
Even a large number of macro-tests, due to the experimental conditions restriction, can’t reach a comprehensive analysis and research on stress and deformation of the anchorage segment.
The initial number of the particles generated is 10000.
The top grain is removed and re-balancing to form a flat surface (as shown in figure 1).
The Changes of Porosity in The Interface Porosity (n) is defined as the ratio of pore area and area of measurement circle as given below: Fig.4 Distribution of y-stress along axial direction Fig.5 Variation of stress with time-stepping along radial direction （1） Where, Az is the area of measurement circle, Av is the summation of pore area in the measurement circle , Ab is the summation of grain area in measurement circle.

Where whiskers (acicular grains) are present on the surface of the microstructure inside of the pores, in which particles with micrometric and nanometric diameters can be filtered. [1] The filter considered is made of porous silicon and the whiskers are created of Si3N4 (through Nitridation Process) inside the pores of the substrate, forming a network which is responsible for catching the smallest particles coming with the gases, that could not be held through the pores of the filter. 1.1.- The Process The Nitridation is a process in which nitrogen at high temperature is added to Si or any other material, annealing in a nitrogen rich atmosphere like N2+1%H2, NO or N2O. [2] This process was used to create silicon nitride whiskers1 inside the Si filter's pores.
The silicon sample was prepared from the silicon raw powder (grain size < 32µm) in a cylindrical shape (Φ=10.89 mm), with a thickness of 5.43 mm, sintered, cut and polished.
The results from the samples (average of total number of samples) were: Open porosity= 42% ± 0,0982 Close porosity=1.38% The diameter of the pore dp was: dp=20.90x10-6m Having applied the Nitridation process the results shown in the Table 3.1.1., were obtained, where it is described in detail the open and close porosity according to every condition used in each situation which depends on the gas applied, also the holding time and the presence of Titanium during the thermal treatment.
-Permeability The permeability measurements were inversely proportional to the apparent number of whiskers (as seen in the micrographs).
Therefore the density of whiskers inside the pores, could be controlled, thus the active crossection for particle diffusion could be diminished at will from the original pore size, depending on the number and length of the whiskers grown inside the pores.

At highest flux content, biomass ash results in characteristics like coarse grains, higher residual carbon content, and low crystallinity in reinforced materials.
In the year 2013-14, teff accounted for 22.6% (about 3.2 million hectares per year) of the grain crop area in Ethopia [21].
The pellet (pressed-disk) technique was used for FTIR analysis over a spectral wave-number range of 4000−400 cm−1.
Thus, both S-BAT and S-AAT contain a number of silica groups.
It may also be seen that peaks in S-AAT have greater intensity indicating increase in number of silica groups after acid treatment.

Secondary requirements are a fine-grained crystalline microstructure, compressive residual stress, freedom from cracks and smooth surface morphology.
Coatings thicknesses (d) are measured by the Calotest method, using a 30-mm hard steel ball and an abrasive diamond paste with 0.1µm monocrystalline diamond grains.
An increase in the arc current (from 85 to 125) leads to an increase in Sa of 25%, and Sz and Sq of almost 50% and 30%, respectively, due to the increase in the size and number of droplets (Fig. 1, 2 and 3).
An increase in the arc current by 47% (from 85A to 125A) leads to: an increase in the coating thickness (of approximately 50%), hardness (more than double), and the elastic module (almost double); an expected change in the chemical composition of the coating (Table 2), an increase in droplet size (Fig. 3) and coating density (reducing the amount of absorbed oxygen (Table 2)); a decrease by approximately 13% of the adhesion (both values LC1 and LC2); an increase in Sa by 25%, and Sz and Sq by almost 50% and 30%, respectively, due to the increase in the size and number of droplets; a decrease in the coefficient of friction, which is registered in the three investigated loads (Table 5); a reduction of both coating wear and wear rate (between 21% and 53%) at the three investigated loads (Table 6 and 7); an approximately seven-times reduction in the wear and wear rate at 3N, and an approximately three-times reduction in the wear and wear rate at 5 and 8N.
Acknowledgement This paper was supported by the project LO1201, through the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in the framework of the targeted support of the “National Programme for Sustainability I” and the OPR&DI project “Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation” registration number CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0005.We would like to thank Craig Hampson for his help with English language correction.

Villages Sampled Number for Average Sizes (height x top-width) meters In Fields Near Canals/ Rivers Near Seasonal Lakes H 1-2 m B 1-3 m H 2-3 m B 3-5 m H 3-6 m B 3-6 m H 6-9 m B 3-10 m 29 317 23 4 1 Typical Bund Sections: In traditional Saraswat construction a typical unit of measurement was ‘hatt’(one hand - approximately 50 centimeters).
General Soil Parameters: Classification test (natural moisture content, specific gravity, Grain size analysis and Atterberg’s limits,) and compaction test (optimum moisture content, Maximum Dry Density)were performed on the samples A, B and C to determine the geotechnical properties of the samples.
Properties Sample A Sample B Sample C 1 Specific Gravity Gs 2.73 2.72 2.75 2 Density γ g/cc 1.68 1.65 1.72 3 Moisture Content w % 12 14 14 4 Compaction Test OMC wopt % 11 12 11 MDD γmax g/cc 1.92 1.95 1.93 5 Atterbergs Limits Liquid Limit wL % 19.5 22.6 21.5 Plastic Limit wP % 14.8 16.2 15.2 Plasticity index 4.7 6.4 6.3 6 Grain Size Distribution Gravel % 31 22 38 Sand % 55 57 45 Silt % 12 18 15 Clay % 2 3 2 7 Shear stress Parameters Cohesion Kg/cm2 2.7 2.8 2.5 Friction ° 30 35 32 Soil Stabilization Studies Many studies have been done in stabilization of lateritic soils by commercially available lime and other additives [15,16].
The discrete nature of soil makes the required constitutive relationships to be exceedingly complex needing a large number of parameters to be evaluated in order to model the soil behavior accurately, hence Geostudio Sweep/w software (Fig 7) was used to find out the seepage through the soil.
Binod Bihari Satpathy,Politico-Social and Administrative History of Ancient India, DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper-10 [14] Thapar, R., Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, London: Allen Lane, 2002 [15] B W Isah, Effect of Coconut Shell Ash on Properties of Fired Clay Brick, Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology Print ISSN: 2349-8404; Online ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 1, Number 6; August, 2014 pp. 7-11 [16] J.