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Online since: January 2013
Authors: Guo Jing He, Jin Yi, Si Si Liu, Zhi Yong Li, Zu En Zheng
The main bridge was T-shaped symmetrically constructed with the symmetry axis of the four piers numbered 5~8.
The length of the beam numbered 0 is 6.0m, and the others from 1 to 9 are 4.0m.
Beam number 0 was constructed by setting up brackets, and others were constructed by basket suspended casting, the heaviest section is 1553kN.
The main piers numbered 5~8 located in the river channel of Zi-River.
Insert the tubes to close-grained soil and rock faceas far as possible.
The length of the beam numbered 0 is 6.0m, and the others from 1 to 9 are 4.0m.
Beam number 0 was constructed by setting up brackets, and others were constructed by basket suspended casting, the heaviest section is 1553kN.
The main piers numbered 5~8 located in the river channel of Zi-River.
Insert the tubes to close-grained soil and rock faceas far as possible.
Online since: May 2025
Authors: Iulian Ştefan, Ionel Baloșin, Constantin Florescu, Marius Criveanu
In the 139 territorial administrative units there are 341 localities, of which 11 are municipalities (Constanta municipality is not included, although it is connected to the Danube through the Danube-Black Sea Canal), 10 are cities (whose composition includes, besides the localities of residence, a number of 18 villages) and 117 communes (composed of 185 villages besides the localities of residence). [5]
The territorial administrative units, with the number of localities included and their distribution as entities, which are in the Danube riparian area are presented in table 1.
Distribution of component units of Territorial Administrative Units [5] Territorial administrative units Nr. of localities included Of which: 139 341 Municipality Town Villages that are part of cities Common Villages in communes 11 10 18 117 185 At national level, the situation of the population (number of people) connected to the public water supply system is shown in Figure 1, which also presents the situations related to 2020 and 2021. [6] Fig. 1.
The population connected to sewerage systems and treatment plants as number of people is shown in Figures 2 and 3 as a comparative situation for the years 2020 and 2021. [6] In both situations, a slight increase in the population connected to sewage systems and treatment plants can be observed.
[7] Elisa-Florina PLOPEANU, Experimental research on the capture and valorization of fine-grained oxidic waste generated in the ceramic and refractory materials industry, PhD thesis summary, Bucharest Polytechnic University, 2020
Distribution of component units of Territorial Administrative Units [5] Territorial administrative units Nr. of localities included Of which: 139 341 Municipality Town Villages that are part of cities Common Villages in communes 11 10 18 117 185 At national level, the situation of the population (number of people) connected to the public water supply system is shown in Figure 1, which also presents the situations related to 2020 and 2021. [6] Fig. 1.
The population connected to sewerage systems and treatment plants as number of people is shown in Figures 2 and 3 as a comparative situation for the years 2020 and 2021. [6] In both situations, a slight increase in the population connected to sewage systems and treatment plants can be observed.
[7] Elisa-Florina PLOPEANU, Experimental research on the capture and valorization of fine-grained oxidic waste generated in the ceramic and refractory materials industry, PhD thesis summary, Bucharest Polytechnic University, 2020
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Jian Zhang, Ke Ping Zhou, Hong Wei Deng, Chun Fang Dong, Jie Lin Li, Wei Gang Tian
Ding Wuxiu and Feng Xiating [6] tested the rocks corrosive in different chemical solutions, and the results showed that the tie between mineral grains was disturbed and granules were corroded under the effect of chemical solutions, so that the strength of rock was significantly reduced and the structure of rock was damaged.
There were 36 samples in total, which were numbered with C1~C9, D1~D9, E1~E9, and F1~F9 (i.e. acid, alkali, salt, and water environment groups), as shown in table 1.
In figure 4, the contrastive photos of sample D7 before and after freezing and thawing were shown, finding the sample’s surface corrosion degree was serious after freezing and thawing and a large number of particles fall off.
Fig.3.The quality variation of sandstone after freezing-thawing cycle in 4 chemical solutions Fig.4.The photos of sample D7 before and after freezing-thawing cycle After freezing and thawing cycles, the quality variation and the appearance of the samples in the testing process were observed, and then the freezing-thawing damage degradation modes of red sandstone in NaOH, NaCl, and H2SO4: particles-pore damage mode and its damage degradation process was the existence of rock’s micro-pore →the emergence and desquamation of the free particles on the surface →the softening of the surface →the emergence of new micro-pore →the constant expansion of micro-pore →further softening: one-step softening and loosing →a large number of particles fall off →moisture migrated to the inside →pore extension and connection →constantly deepened freezing-thawing damage.
Table 2 Average NMR porosity of sandstone after freezing-thawing cycle Solution Porosity/% Increase percentage/% 0 times of freezing- thawing 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle H2SO4 3.815 4.322 4.851 5.318 13.298 27.147 39.388 NaOH 3.492 4.834 6.472 6.476 38.440 85.328 85.443 NaCl 3.304 4.535 6.362 8.294 37.282 92.584 151.054 Water 3.343 3.786 3.836 3.944 13.250 14.736 17.976 Along with the progress of freezing-thawing cycle, rock porosity increased, suggesting the porosity change of rock was greatly affected by the freezing-thawing cycles; along with the increasing number of freezing-thawing cycles, the production and expansion of new pores in rock were accelerated, and also the porosity change was obvious.
There were 36 samples in total, which were numbered with C1~C9, D1~D9, E1~E9, and F1~F9 (i.e. acid, alkali, salt, and water environment groups), as shown in table 1.
In figure 4, the contrastive photos of sample D7 before and after freezing and thawing were shown, finding the sample’s surface corrosion degree was serious after freezing and thawing and a large number of particles fall off.
Fig.3.The quality variation of sandstone after freezing-thawing cycle in 4 chemical solutions Fig.4.The photos of sample D7 before and after freezing-thawing cycle After freezing and thawing cycles, the quality variation and the appearance of the samples in the testing process were observed, and then the freezing-thawing damage degradation modes of red sandstone in NaOH, NaCl, and H2SO4: particles-pore damage mode and its damage degradation process was the existence of rock’s micro-pore →the emergence and desquamation of the free particles on the surface →the softening of the surface →the emergence of new micro-pore →the constant expansion of micro-pore →further softening: one-step softening and loosing →a large number of particles fall off →moisture migrated to the inside →pore extension and connection →constantly deepened freezing-thawing damage.
Table 2 Average NMR porosity of sandstone after freezing-thawing cycle Solution Porosity/% Increase percentage/% 0 times of freezing- thawing 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle H2SO4 3.815 4.322 4.851 5.318 13.298 27.147 39.388 NaOH 3.492 4.834 6.472 6.476 38.440 85.328 85.443 NaCl 3.304 4.535 6.362 8.294 37.282 92.584 151.054 Water 3.343 3.786 3.836 3.944 13.250 14.736 17.976 Along with the progress of freezing-thawing cycle, rock porosity increased, suggesting the porosity change of rock was greatly affected by the freezing-thawing cycles; along with the increasing number of freezing-thawing cycles, the production and expansion of new pores in rock were accelerated, and also the porosity change was obvious.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Yu Hui Chen, Bo Yan Li, Xiao Yun Zeng, Yi Shi Lv, Xiao Liu, Zhong Bing Chen
Cutting with manual tools, 2 tubes which leakage occured at most recently were obtained, each number K1 and K2.
In the same way, one no-leakage tube in the low emperature zone was obtained, number KN.
Another 2 tubes from the high temperature zone of the same assemble were obtained also, number H1 and H2 respectively.
Metallographic structure of 5 samples were all Ferrite + Pearlite, with grain sizes of grade 9~10.
Corrosion product element figure analyzed by EDS Tab.3 Cl- content of the tube surface on the site of HRSG[mg/m2] Tube number 1# 27# 40# 75# 80# Cl- content 80~85 130~135 95~100 45~50 45~50 Fig.5.
In the same way, one no-leakage tube in the low emperature zone was obtained, number KN.
Another 2 tubes from the high temperature zone of the same assemble were obtained also, number H1 and H2 respectively.
Metallographic structure of 5 samples were all Ferrite + Pearlite, with grain sizes of grade 9~10.
Corrosion product element figure analyzed by EDS Tab.3 Cl- content of the tube surface on the site of HRSG[mg/m2] Tube number 1# 27# 40# 75# 80# Cl- content 80~85 130~135 95~100 45~50 45~50 Fig.5.
A Comparison of Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) Synthesis from Black Liquor Lignin and Commercial Lignin
Online since: March 2019
Authors: Suryo Purwono, Nita Ariestiana Putri, Muhammad Mufti Azis
The utilization of black liquor (BL) to produce lignin and a number of valuable chemical products is economically attractive.
A number of literature has reported the utilization of lignin as raw material for binder, plasticizer, surfactant, polymer product, and other chemical products [3–6].
A number of lignin sources such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, black liquor, rice husk, and bagasse have been reported for SLS production in the literature [1–4,7].
However, the grain of BL lignin appeared to be larger compared to the commercial lignin.
The peak absorption of IR in the aromatic functional group is at wave number 1505-1515 cm-1.
A number of literature has reported the utilization of lignin as raw material for binder, plasticizer, surfactant, polymer product, and other chemical products [3–6].
A number of lignin sources such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, black liquor, rice husk, and bagasse have been reported for SLS production in the literature [1–4,7].
However, the grain of BL lignin appeared to be larger compared to the commercial lignin.
The peak absorption of IR in the aromatic functional group is at wave number 1505-1515 cm-1.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Jian Wang, Cong Lu, Jian Chun Guo, Ren Jiang Xue
This fracturing characteristics that make fracture net pressure changes quickly, fracturing on the plane and the vertical fracture morphology is not stable, and is not easy to form a distinct advantage main fracture, at the same time, due to the conglomerate reservoir there is a large number of various sizes and micro-cracks, a serious heterogeneity when fracturing extended to intersect natural fractures, the fracturing fluid is formed in the direction of the natural micro-cracks tributary of the main fractures lateral displacement, cause glutenite reservoir fracture in wall is very irregular, impact the main crack formation and irregular extension.
With the rock from the split will be accompanied by the opening of natural fractures, loss of fracturing fluid filtration serious performance in the fracturing process, due to the large amount of fracturing fluid at the same time, if not timely flowback fracturing fluid residue large number of stranded storage layer porosity and naturally fractured reservoir damage, leading to serious effect of the lower reservoir reconstruction.
Utilize FracProPT software simulation fracturing target layer under a number of different proppant fracture parameters (Table 2), With the increase in the number of proppant, fracture length, fracture height and fracture width has been increased.
Proppant in the conveying process to the formation due to injection of the slurry density with fractures in the original fluid density differences and other factors, will result in the proppant grains downward movement (proppant convection sedimentation), high density proppant will drop while low density proppant will float, cracks in the lower part of the laid effect was significantly better in the cracks in the upper; glutenite reservoir complex deposition conditions decide the rocks generally exhibit plasticity characteristics.The proppant embedded after fracture closure, to reduce the fracture conductivity.
With the rock from the split will be accompanied by the opening of natural fractures, loss of fracturing fluid filtration serious performance in the fracturing process, due to the large amount of fracturing fluid at the same time, if not timely flowback fracturing fluid residue large number of stranded storage layer porosity and naturally fractured reservoir damage, leading to serious effect of the lower reservoir reconstruction.
Utilize FracProPT software simulation fracturing target layer under a number of different proppant fracture parameters (Table 2), With the increase in the number of proppant, fracture length, fracture height and fracture width has been increased.
Proppant in the conveying process to the formation due to injection of the slurry density with fractures in the original fluid density differences and other factors, will result in the proppant grains downward movement (proppant convection sedimentation), high density proppant will drop while low density proppant will float, cracks in the lower part of the laid effect was significantly better in the cracks in the upper; glutenite reservoir complex deposition conditions decide the rocks generally exhibit plasticity characteristics.The proppant embedded after fracture closure, to reduce the fracture conductivity.
Online since: June 2025
Authors: Bernard Rolfe, Saswata Bhattacharyya, Santu Rana, Kishalay Mitra, Gaijinliu Gangmei
The training data is represented
by (N, T, X)=(5x101x64), with N representing the number of instances, T is temporal resolution, and
X denoting the spatial resolution along x direction, respectively.
The FNO architecture is described by the modes, number of Fourier layers, and widths.
We found the optimum number of Fourier layer, modes, and width to be 4, 22, and 16 respectively.
The optimum number of epochs, learning rate, and gamma value was found to be 20,000, 0.001, and 0.7 respectively.
Although we have shown the efficiency of FNO model on precipitation growth problem, it can be used for rapidly predicting other complex microstructural evolution problems such as grain growth and coarsening, solidification, and crack propagation.
The FNO architecture is described by the modes, number of Fourier layers, and widths.
We found the optimum number of Fourier layer, modes, and width to be 4, 22, and 16 respectively.
The optimum number of epochs, learning rate, and gamma value was found to be 20,000, 0.001, and 0.7 respectively.
Although we have shown the efficiency of FNO model on precipitation growth problem, it can be used for rapidly predicting other complex microstructural evolution problems such as grain growth and coarsening, solidification, and crack propagation.
Online since: August 2009
Authors: Can Fang Xia, Li Qun Chen, Zheng Chen Qiu
The interactions of C
with lattice imperfections (dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, surfaces and micro-cracks
etc.) dominate the influence on the mechanical properties of iron.
It can be defined as [4] �EE E clean b dop b seg − = (1) where N is the total number of impurity atoms in the impurity-doped system and dopbE and cleanbE are the binding energy of the impurity-doped kink system and the clean kink system, respectively.
It is derived as lmmnlnn n lm Haa� E αββα αβ * ∑∑= (3) where �n is the occupation number for molecular orbital nψ , ( ) ( )>=< rra nlln ψφαα | , and lmH αβ is the Hamiltonian matrix element connecting the atomic orbital β of atom m and the atomic orbital α of atom l.
The numbers marked on the plots correspond to the atoms in Fig.2 From Fig.4, we can also see that the C 2s band occurs as a single, which is a well-defined peak at about 12.5eV below EF.
Here, ∆Q = �-Zval, where Zval is the standard number of valence electrons per atom Atom Valence orbital �clean �impC 2s 1.471 C 2p 3.157 ΔQ 0.628 3d 6.352 6.356 Fe2 4s 0.693 0.641 4p 0.950 0.773 ΔQ -0.005 -0.230 3d 6.333 6.338 Fe4 4s 0.716 0.658 4p 0.982 0.860 ΔQ 0.031 -0.144 3d 6.336 6.340 Fe5 4s 0.709 0.595 4p 0.948 0.835 ΔQ -0.007 -0.230 3d 6.338 6.351 Fe7 4s 0.757 0.598 4p 0.942 0.816 ΔQ 0.037 -0.235 In summary, through calculations of the electronic structure of a kink with C we see that the C 2p state strongly hybridizes with its neighboring Fe-atom 3d4s4p states.
It can be defined as [4] �EE E clean b dop b seg − = (1) where N is the total number of impurity atoms in the impurity-doped system and dopbE and cleanbE are the binding energy of the impurity-doped kink system and the clean kink system, respectively.
It is derived as lmmnlnn n lm Haa� E αββα αβ * ∑∑= (3) where �n is the occupation number for molecular orbital nψ , ( ) ( )>=< rra nlln ψφαα | , and lmH αβ is the Hamiltonian matrix element connecting the atomic orbital β of atom m and the atomic orbital α of atom l.
The numbers marked on the plots correspond to the atoms in Fig.2 From Fig.4, we can also see that the C 2s band occurs as a single, which is a well-defined peak at about 12.5eV below EF.
Here, ∆Q = �-Zval, where Zval is the standard number of valence electrons per atom Atom Valence orbital �clean �impC 2s 1.471 C 2p 3.157 ΔQ 0.628 3d 6.352 6.356 Fe2 4s 0.693 0.641 4p 0.950 0.773 ΔQ -0.005 -0.230 3d 6.333 6.338 Fe4 4s 0.716 0.658 4p 0.982 0.860 ΔQ 0.031 -0.144 3d 6.336 6.340 Fe5 4s 0.709 0.595 4p 0.948 0.835 ΔQ -0.007 -0.230 3d 6.338 6.351 Fe7 4s 0.757 0.598 4p 0.942 0.816 ΔQ 0.037 -0.235 In summary, through calculations of the electronic structure of a kink with C we see that the C 2p state strongly hybridizes with its neighboring Fe-atom 3d4s4p states.
Online since: June 2011
Authors: Yung Cheng Wang, Bean Yin Lee, Chen Hsiang Chen
PSE = FSE + KP (1)
Here FSE is the average square error within the network that serves to fitting the training data, and KP is the complex penalty within the network, as defined by the following equation:
KP = CPM (2)
where CPM denotes the complex penalty multiplier, K the number of coefficients within the network, N the number of training data, and a pre-estimated error variance for the model.
The best network structure, number of layers, and functional node types can be determined using the ASPN criterion (Eq. 1, Eq. 2).
Acknowledgements Partially financial support from the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant number NSC96-2221-E-150-015 is acknowledged with gratitude.
Butler: Simulation of precision grinding process, part 1: interaction of the abrasive grain with the workpiece, Int.
The best network structure, number of layers, and functional node types can be determined using the ASPN criterion (Eq. 1, Eq. 2).
Acknowledgements Partially financial support from the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant number NSC96-2221-E-150-015 is acknowledged with gratitude.
Butler: Simulation of precision grinding process, part 1: interaction of the abrasive grain with the workpiece, Int.
Online since: August 2019
Authors: Nadia Antoniuk, Valeriy M. Vyrovoy, Viacheslav Bachynckyi
The number of the appearance of new aggressive substances reaches 900 per year.
The development and intensification of industry in modern conditions is accompanied by an increase in the number of emergencies leading to the occurrence of a fire or an explosion of hydrocarbon substances contaminated with aggressive (toxic) substances.
The volume and number of clusters is determined by the amount and size of the filler particles, as well as the ratio of the surface activities of the filler particles and the binder grains.
In turn, the volume and number of clusters determine the type and total area of internal intercluster interfaces.
The development and intensification of industry in modern conditions is accompanied by an increase in the number of emergencies leading to the occurrence of a fire or an explosion of hydrocarbon substances contaminated with aggressive (toxic) substances.
The volume and number of clusters is determined by the amount and size of the filler particles, as well as the ratio of the surface activities of the filler particles and the binder grains.
In turn, the volume and number of clusters determine the type and total area of internal intercluster interfaces.