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Introduction Condition monitoring and diagnostics has always been an important factor in rotating machinery in order to increase reliability and safety [1].
Damage in a structural system can be defined as intentional or unintentional change to the material and/or geometric properties of the system, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the current or future performance of that system [2].
The success of all damage detection methods in industrial applications is influenced by three major factors: (1) interpretation of complex data should be avoided in order to allow performing the maintenance by modestly qualified technicians; (2) baseline measurements representing undamaged structure should be avoided as it is frequently not possible to obtain this data in practice; (3) large transducer networks should be avoided for the reasons of practicality and to ease the logistics.
The gap between the original work of Hennecke et. al. and widespread interest in the method, after the publication of Favro et al., is due to several factors one of the most important being the availability of more efficient and affordable infrared cameras that are necessary to perform measurements.
(Eds.), 2005, Damage prognosis for aerospace, civil and mechanical systems, John Wiley & Sons

Particle movement is described by basic conservation equation, while the single particle motion does not affect the macroscopic behavior of fluid [5].
With the equation (1), we can calculate the particle distribution function which is used to obtain macroscopic property of the fluid body.
The direction and speed of the actual particle movement are continuous, but the single particle does not affect the macro-features of fluid movement.
This simulation method can also be used to further study the effect on spray characteristics from the factors such as flow in nozzle, multi-component factor and others.
Powell, Spray density measurements using X-ray radiography, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 21(2007):653-662

The mechanical properties of these materials are: σ0.2=265MPa, σb=566MPa, for 0Cr18Ni9Ti (Chinese specification); σ0.2=297MPa, σb=610MPa, for 304SS; σ0.2=400MPa, σb=505MPa, for branch pipe and σ0.2=385MPa, σb=502MPa, for flank of C-Mn steel.
For the tested defect-free tees, the experimental results show that radius of crotch corner will significantly affect on the value of limit load.
It is also worth noting that the reduction of limit load is affected by the length and depth of the crack.
From the viewpoint of the effective loaded area and finite element (FE) analysis results, Xuan [10] developed an approximate solution for plastic limit pressure of equal diameter forged piping junctions DT P /2 m p ofL ϕσ= (3) where σ f is the flow stress and can be calculated by σ f =(σ0.2+σ b)/2; Tm is the average thickness of transition between run and branch pipe; poϕ is the weakening factor of equal diameter tee under internal pressure and can be expressed by m m m 2m 2 m m 2 m m p o 22)(535.0 429.05.025.0)(215.0 215.02393.0 T D D T D T D T D rT D T D r D r D T D T −+ − +++ −+ =ϕ (4) The calculated limit loads for the tested tees, from the above three solutions, are given in Table 1.
For the case of crack at flank area, the solution is 5.0 m 2 m m p o m f c L ))/(1.21/()/(1 /1 2 DTc Ta Ta D T P + − − = ϕσ (7) while for crack at the crotch corner, we have 2/1 m 2 2 m 2 m p o mfc L ))/(1.21/()/(1 )/(1 2 DTc Ta Ta D T P + − − = ϕ σ (8) where poϕ is the weakening factor and can be calculated from Eq. (4).

The stress and the bond capacity become vital factors in the effectiveness of the CFRP strengthening technique.
Pull-off test has been used for measuring the adhesion properties and failure mode as illustrated in Fig. 1a).
Threshold level is affected to the duration of the acoustic emission signal.
Pollock [16] enhanced that, long duration and less duration (less than 10 microseconds) signals are generally generated due to mechanical noise sources and electrical pulses.
The unequal loading might occurred during pulling process which affect the results.

Unfortunately, most of metal oxides display electrical-insulating properties at temperatures somewhat below 300 °C.
These properties make it a good substrate for metal layers [4].
The Pt/2%Sb-SnO2 electrocatalysts not only displayed higher roughness factors than platinized Pt electrodes, but also had larger intrinsic electrocatalytical activity for the electrooxidation of methanol.
These NW-based 3D structures will take full advantage of combined factors including increased utilization of the noble metal catalyst, improved metal-support interaction, and enhanced mass transport in the electrodes for fuel cell applications.
Such a hierarchical electrode with the combined properties has potential applications for fuel cells. 2.1.5.

The drilling process of these material stacks is partially very complex due to the different material properties and requirements regarding process parameters and cutting material.
Introduction Fiber-metal compound materials provide excellent mechanical properties which make them a major choice in lightweight applications [1].
Because of the different material properties the machining process of serial stacks imposes high demands to the cutting tools and requires certain process strategies [4].
Because of the anisotropic and inhomogeneous material properties this is particularly an issue in the CFRP material layer.
Due to the ductile material properties the chip is getting stretched to a certain strain limit until it finally breaks away from the workpiece.

Introduction During the last decades special effort has been put into enhancing the mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of glazed surfaces.
Considerable effort has been put into the development of novel glass-ceramic surface structures with improved properties compared to traditional glazed surfaces [1].
Glass-ceramics with improved surface properties have been reported within the quaternary system CaO - MgO - Al2O3 - SiO2 together with different additives enhancing the fusibility or controlled crystallization of the melt.
Firing conditions also affect the final phase composition of raw glazes.
Conclusions Both the total content and the ratio between wollastonite and dolomite were found to be the key controlling factors for the melting behaviour of raw glazes fired to around 1200 ºC.

So only a few types of base materials may affect the development and application of new components.
E0is determined by the following three factors: (1) Ox- is adsorbed on the surface of oxide.
The gas-sensing properties of composite materials ZnSnO3 film components are shown in Fig.4.
It can be known from the above that a variety of gas-sensing composite SnO2 (x%) ZnO (y%) Fe2O3 (z%) TiO2 (w%), x + y + z + w = ​{TTP}8203 ​{TTP}8203 100, all possess gas-sensing properties.
Physical properties of SnO2 materials .

Towards a Virtual Reality Simulator for Orthognathic Basic Skils Raluca Elena Sofronia1, a, Arjana Davidescu1, b and George Gustav Savii1, c 1Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, “Politehnica” University of Timisoara, 300222 Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Blvd., Romania araluca.sofronia@mec.upt.ro, barjana.davidescu@mec.upt.ro, cgeorge.savii@mec.upt.ro Keywords: orthognathic surgery, bone sawing, medical simulators, virtual reality, haptics.
The main advantages of this approach [16] are the facts that it enables the implementation of volume structural changes and the taking into consideration of material heterogeneous properties.
The number of transformations between coordinate systems is the main factor that affects the haptic rendering rate.
One limitation of the simulator prototype is the haptic force feedback that does not take into consideration the physical parameters which affect the sawing process, such as the saw pitch or oscillation frequency.
The simulator was tested by mechanical engineers and virtual reality experts.

Improving formability in SPIF processes through high speed rotating tool: experimental and numerical analysis Gianluca Buffa1, a, Davide Campanella1,b , Rossano Mirabile1,c and Livan Fratini1,d 1Dept. of Chemical, Management, Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, University of Palermo,Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy agianluca.buffa@unipa.it, bdavide.campanella@unipa.it, crossanomirabile@libero.it, dlivan.fratini@unipa.it Keywords: Incremental forming, aluminum alloys, FEM Abstract.
In this way the development of lightweight constructions is becoming a key factor and advanced production technologies have to be developed to be competitive for this evolution.
In order to understand the actual effect of the conferred heat flow on the mechanical properties of the sheets, flow stress curves were derived by both in house experiments and literature data.
Fig. 5 confirms the feature of “localized application of strain” which distinguishes SPIF: any material point is not affected by the deformation imposed in the bordering area, but undergoes its total strain through progressive increments of small entity.
The numerical simulations confirmed that the tool rotation does not affect the accumulated strain.