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Introduction Yield is one of the prominent factors deciding the foundry’s economy.
Directional and progressive solidification [3] Austenite precipitation and graphite precipitation were two important factors that decide the solidification behaviour of the cast iron.
Effect of pouring temperature on graphite precipitation The pouring temperature is one of the primary factors that decides the time of graphite precipitation.
The shrinkage formation can also be affected several factors such as the type of metal being cast and the design of the casting mold.
[5] Jafar Khalil-Allafi, Behnam Amin-Ahmadi, Influence of mold preheating and silicon content on microstructure and casting properties of ductile iron in permanent mold, J.

R Dhamangaonkar 2, b 1 PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune-411005, India. 2 Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune-411005, India a amol.gawde43@gmail.com, b prd.mech@coep.ac.in Keywords: - Steam Dryness fraction measurement, Throttling process, CFD Analysis.
Steam is used as good heating media for high temperature applications. [2] Low steam quality affects steam operated systems in many ways.
Nomenclatures: Mg Mass of dry saturated steam , kg Mf Mass of saturated Liquid , kg M Mass of wet steam , kg x Dryness fraction of steam d Diameter of orifice ,m β Diameter ratio = dD P1 Pressure of fluid at section 1 , Pa P2 Pressure of fluid at section 2 , Pa ∆p Pressure drop Cd Discharge coefficient ε Expansibility(expansion) factor ρ1 Density of fluid at section 1, kg/m3 ρ2 Density of fluid at section 2, kg/m3 µ1 Dynamic viscosity of medium ,kg/m·s REFERENCES [1] Steam Quality Monitor (Steam QM-3), Armstrong International Product catalogue
[9] Guizhen He, Haibo Liu, Huimin Zhou, Chengqiang Mei, “study of method of steam wetness measuring by laser scattering devices”, international conference on advanced information technology’08 [10] International Standard ISO 5167-1 & 2,Second Edition (2003) [11] Property table and charts, APPENDIX 1,TABLE A-9 pg-14 [12] Power Piping code ASME B31.1 [13] ASME B16.5 for flange thickness selection.

Those results show that: (1) the mechanical characteristics of low-strength concrete is complex; (2) strength of the low-strength concrete comes from interlocking of large-size crushed stones and bond of cement particle; (3) water content has significant effect (more than 30 percent) on velocity of longitudinal wave of the low-strength concrete and has little effect on strength; while effect of porosity of concrete on strength are more than 30 percent; (4) strength of low-strength concrete are controlled by both the content of crust stones and content of cement and a relationship of strength and velocity of longitudinal wave is proposed.
Low-strength concrete is a new material for filling the big caves [3], in this paper: mechanical properties and wave propagation of low-strength concrete are studied.
The reason is that the samples have large of porous, the strength of crushed stone concrete come from two parts :interlocking among the large size crushed stones and force of cementation of small size material, the main factor to affect the strength of low-strength concrete are cemented material, cemented degree and ratio of porous. 2200 2700 3200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 content water(%) velocity (m/s) Fig. 6 Relationship of water content and velocity of longitudinal wave If the crushed stones are sufficiently cemented, the percent of large size crushed stones increase, the strength of concrete improve, wave propagates quickly; Increasing content of small size material ,strength drop, velocity becomes slow.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been widely used in the production of composite materials because it is inexpensive, easy to process, good mechanical properties and environmentally friendly.
Understanding the thermal behavior of MCC is important because thermal degradation occurs at different rates and directly affects the final product.
The Arrhenius equation is used to get the rate constant k: k=Aexp-EaRT (3) where Ea is the activation energy, A is the pre-exponential factor, T is the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant (8.314 J Kmol-1).

There is a need to understand better how the bainitic microstructure develops during transformation, in particular, the factors controlling the bainite morphology, the carbon partitioning between austenite and ferrite, carbon supersaturation of ferrite, nucleation conditions and the formation of the second phases.
Finally, the hot rolling and cooling practices has a big influence on these factors, bainitic transformation from deformed austenite is not well understood.
Zajac: 32nd Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 1990, Warrendale, PA, ISS-AIME (1991), p. 441
Zajac: 43rd Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference; Charlotte, NC; USA; 2831 Oct. (2001), p. 497
Zajac et al: Quantitative structure-property relationships for complex bainitic steels ECSC247.

These factors are inevitably posing a serious threat to the very survival of Omani indigenous crop species.
Porosity, permeability, water holding capacity and inertness are some of the desired properties of the growth media.
Some of the desired properties of the growth media are porosity, permeability, water holding capacity and inertness.
Density, a measure of mass to volume ratio, is a key property related the physical and mechanical strength of the matrix material.
Table 1 Characteristic properties of plant growth matrices.

Adhesive wear on stamping tools can degrade the product quality and can affect the mass production.
Despite the uncontrollable factors of the stamping process – such as surface variation on the die surface or on the sheets, variation in lubrication and friction conditions and possible variation in sheet material properties – the AE time domain features were able to indicate the occurence of severe wear and surface damage on the stamped parts for the both the test conditions.
Mechanical systems and signal processing. 2007;21(1):193-207
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 2008;22(2):419-435
Mechanical systems and signal processing. 2005;19(5):974-988

The properties of the PRMMCs rely on the size, volume fraction, and distribution of the reinforcements.
The high mechanical properties of the material can be expected when distributing fine and thermodynalically stable ceramic particles homogenously in the matrix.
But the crystal structure and microstructure of the product were not affected by carbon sources(activated charcoal, graphite and carbon black).However, due to the high combustion temperature and extremely fast velocity during this reaction process, the mechanisms associating to the in situ formation of ceramic reinforcements in some reaction systems are still not well understood.
In this case, the kinetic factors played an important role in determining the reaction sequence and only these phases which are kinetically favorable will form priorly.

The diffusion length, related to the material recombination properties, increases after the emitter diffusion process and increases after the subsequent process steps.
The comparison between the characteristics of the starting material and the properties of the final devices allowed us to understand the role of the gettering phenomena occurred during the processing steps and their efficiency in impurity removal.
The contacts were dried and sintered in a fast fire belt furnace and the edges were isolated by mechanical sawing.
In particular mc Si (EFG and cast) strongly improves after P- diffusion (as predicted by PDG mechanism, [13]), while mono Cz Si is almost not affected by the P diffusion, at least for the diffusion temperature here analysed [14].
The correlation between the diffusion lengths measured on solar cells and solar cell efficiency together with the study of the evolution of the diffusion length with the processing steps showed the way for a better understanding of factors which limit the real solar cell efficiency.

These include not just seismic and dynamic impacts, but also rheological phenomena and the action of destructive external factors.
The application of these techniques significantly affects the visual appearance of the structure, which is something that may be unacceptable in buildings of great historical value.
Due to differences in the mechanical properties of the components of compressed masonry pillars, the more plastic mortar is compressed triaxially, whereas the more rigid masonry elements are compressed uniaxially (in the direction of loading) and tensioned biaxially (in the plane perpendicular to the loading).
(a) (b) Figure 1 – Test setup – geometry of the specimen, load scheme, and the arrangement of the measuring instrumentation for: stocky pillars (a), slender pillars (b) Material properties.