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Online since: September 2007
Authors: Alessandro de Stefano, Roberto Spadavecchia, Donato Sabia
Only the strictly necessary data concerning the structure and the test are
reported.
The main advantage in applying the test is the reduction of computational time since there is the possibility of choosing the best data set, i.e., the one that has the minimum ERC.
Furthermore, said best data set presents the minimum distance from the theoretical (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 1: ERC with different percentage of noise Fig. 2: Bridge over the Tanaro river: ERC related to some measures hypotheses and minimizes the uncertainties associated to the results.
If none of the data sets presents a smooth ERC, then the methods cannot be applied.
The main advantage in applying the test is the reduction of computational time since there is the possibility of choosing the best data set, i.e., the one that has the minimum ERC.
Furthermore, said best data set presents the minimum distance from the theoretical (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 1: ERC with different percentage of noise Fig. 2: Bridge over the Tanaro river: ERC related to some measures hypotheses and minimizes the uncertainties associated to the results.
If none of the data sets presents a smooth ERC, then the methods cannot be applied.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Hui Yang, Ke Qing Sun
(The fire head releases in this paper are full scale values)
The experiment has two models, which established on a reduced scale tunnel model (scale reduction 1:50) in this paper: one is 200 m long, 10 m wide and 5 m high, which was called S1; the other is 200 m long, 10 m wide and 10 m high, which was called S2.The fire source was located in the middle of the tunnel, two air vents are set away from the fire about 20 m, the size of exhaust vent is the square (3.5 m long, 1.5 m wide).
Table 1.The main data in the experiment [7] Heat release Fire size Smoke flow Helium rate [MW] [cm2] rate [l/min] ratio [%] 0.2 3.68 4.59 46 0.4 6.16 8.70 49.9 1 12.08 19.55 54.8 2 20.06 36.58 58.8 4 34.64 65.99 62.6 10 76.04 154.70 68.2 Fig. 2.
CFD method can be used to simulate the tunnel fires under a variety of complex conditions, which not only can reduce testing costs, but also can get some data that is difficult to measure in the experiment.
In addition, CFD simulation of tunnel fire can also provide reference data measurement, and it is easy to change the conditions in the experiment.
Table. 3 Comparison of simulate results with experimental results HRR [MW] S1 S2 Simulation [m/s] Experiment [m/s] Relative error [%] Simulation [m/s] Experiment [m/s] Relative error [%] 0.2 0.62 0.62 0% 0.64 0.60 6.33% 0.4 0.90 0.92 -2.14% 0.74 0.73 1.92% 1 1.22 0.97 20.76% 0.93 0.99 -6.06% 2 1.47 1.2 18.71% 1.33 1.25 6.56% 4 1.66 1.62 2.37% 1.70 1.71 -0.47% 10 2.51 2.24 10.50% 2.09 2.36 -11.53% By comparing the data in Table 3, it can be found that the numerical simulation and experimental results have some differences.
Table 1.The main data in the experiment [7] Heat release Fire size Smoke flow Helium rate [MW] [cm2] rate [l/min] ratio [%] 0.2 3.68 4.59 46 0.4 6.16 8.70 49.9 1 12.08 19.55 54.8 2 20.06 36.58 58.8 4 34.64 65.99 62.6 10 76.04 154.70 68.2 Fig. 2.
CFD method can be used to simulate the tunnel fires under a variety of complex conditions, which not only can reduce testing costs, but also can get some data that is difficult to measure in the experiment.
In addition, CFD simulation of tunnel fire can also provide reference data measurement, and it is easy to change the conditions in the experiment.
Table. 3 Comparison of simulate results with experimental results HRR [MW] S1 S2 Simulation [m/s] Experiment [m/s] Relative error [%] Simulation [m/s] Experiment [m/s] Relative error [%] 0.2 0.62 0.62 0% 0.64 0.60 6.33% 0.4 0.90 0.92 -2.14% 0.74 0.73 1.92% 1 1.22 0.97 20.76% 0.93 0.99 -6.06% 2 1.47 1.2 18.71% 1.33 1.25 6.56% 4 1.66 1.62 2.37% 1.70 1.71 -0.47% 10 2.51 2.24 10.50% 2.09 2.36 -11.53% By comparing the data in Table 3, it can be found that the numerical simulation and experimental results have some differences.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Yue Ping Peng, Chong Xun Zheng, Jue Wang
In recent years, the reduction work of the nine-dimension one-compartment complex model of CA1 pyramid neuron developed by David[2] is done by Yueping Peng, and et al.
Based on the electrophysiological experimental data under AD’s part pathology condition, we build the neuron model under AD’s part pathology condition, and discuss comparatively the neuron model’s dynamic variation characteristics and bioinformatics’ change before and after the effect of AD.
Based on the above electrophysiological experiment data and results, we can modify suitably the parameters’ values of the one-compartment model of CA1 pyramidal neuron in references [2], and get the CA1 pyramidal neuron model under the AD pathology condition, which is showed in formula (1)
Based on the above electrophysiological experiment data, parameters’ values related to the delay rectification K+ current in the neuron dynamic model under the AD condition are as follows: ; ; ; In addition, the state variable (V, h, n, b, z, r, y, q, [Ca2+]i) is the same as the normal neuron model, and is (-65, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.05).
Based on the electrophysiological experimental data under AD’s part pathology condition, we build the neuron model under AD’s part pathology condition, and analyze and discuss comparatively the neuron model’s dynamic variation characteristics before and after the effect of AD.
Based on the electrophysiological experimental data under AD’s part pathology condition, we build the neuron model under AD’s part pathology condition, and discuss comparatively the neuron model’s dynamic variation characteristics and bioinformatics’ change before and after the effect of AD.
Based on the above electrophysiological experiment data and results, we can modify suitably the parameters’ values of the one-compartment model of CA1 pyramidal neuron in references [2], and get the CA1 pyramidal neuron model under the AD pathology condition, which is showed in formula (1)
Based on the above electrophysiological experiment data, parameters’ values related to the delay rectification K+ current in the neuron dynamic model under the AD condition are as follows: ; ; ; In addition, the state variable (V, h, n, b, z, r, y, q, [Ca2+]i) is the same as the normal neuron model, and is (-65, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.05).
Based on the electrophysiological experimental data under AD’s part pathology condition, we build the neuron model under AD’s part pathology condition, and analyze and discuss comparatively the neuron model’s dynamic variation characteristics before and after the effect of AD.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Ling Liu
It is not used directly for the microcontroller but to be divided that the oscillation signal is generated by the oscillation circuit, the frequency can be various microcontroller associated clock signal, as shown in figure 2.Oscillation pulse is as the system clock signal by two divider, it generates ALE signal divided by three on the basis of the two divider, and get the machine cycle signal divided by six on the basis of two divider.The P0 port is used as the data sent to the D/A converter, the P0 port hasn’t pull-up supreme resistor internal, therefore connection with an external pull-up resistor RST1.
The system adopt to DAC0832 straight.They are grounded low-level access GND that the chip select signal CS, the data latch strobe input pin WR1,the data transfer control signal input pin XFER and DAC register strobe input pin WR2.The data latched allow eighth pin is reference voltage of Vref, the reference voltage is 2.5V if you adjust external sliding rheostat R15.Because of the chip DAC0832 being a form of current output, you have to add an op-amp that it convert the current to voltage directly.
The brightness of the lamp and 4.5V battery use time The 4.5v battery continuously supply for 86 hours.The similar products can only consecutively work for maximum 10 hours on the market, for there are always a significant reduction in electricity losses.
The system adopt to DAC0832 straight.They are grounded low-level access GND that the chip select signal CS, the data latch strobe input pin WR1,the data transfer control signal input pin XFER and DAC register strobe input pin WR2.The data latched allow eighth pin is reference voltage of Vref, the reference voltage is 2.5V if you adjust external sliding rheostat R15.Because of the chip DAC0832 being a form of current output, you have to add an op-amp that it convert the current to voltage directly.
The brightness of the lamp and 4.5V battery use time The 4.5v battery continuously supply for 86 hours.The similar products can only consecutively work for maximum 10 hours on the market, for there are always a significant reduction in electricity losses.
Online since: August 2015
Authors: Manop Aorpimai, Pornthep Navakitkanok
The monitoring of the remaining propellant after each OCM is important, and it can be evaluated from the gas pressure (P) and temperature (T) retrieved from the satellite’s telemetry data.
With each thruster’s calibrated data provided, the final pressure, hence final mass, can be found by iteratively integrating the above equation with decreasing at each step until the required delta-V is obtained.
The OCM verification and calibration are performed using the navigation data retrieved daily from the onboard GPS receiver.
Fig. 3 Altitude profile during the orbit transfer Fig. 4 Reduction of altitude toward re-entry Summary We have studied a satellite’s end-of-life de-orbiting.
The evaluation of the propulsion system near its end-of-life using the telemetry data will be less reliable.
With each thruster’s calibrated data provided, the final pressure, hence final mass, can be found by iteratively integrating the above equation with decreasing at each step until the required delta-V is obtained.
The OCM verification and calibration are performed using the navigation data retrieved daily from the onboard GPS receiver.
Fig. 3 Altitude profile during the orbit transfer Fig. 4 Reduction of altitude toward re-entry Summary We have studied a satellite’s end-of-life de-orbiting.
The evaluation of the propulsion system near its end-of-life using the telemetry data will be less reliable.
Influence of Die Geometry on Drawing Force in Cold Drawing of Steel Tubes Using Numerical Simulation
Online since: October 2016
Authors: Milan Mojžiš, Ľudovít Parilák, Peter Bella, Martin Ridzon, Pavol Buček
Key input parameters were identical for all trials (mesh quality, drawing force, and material data).
Corresponding flow stress data for AISI-1020 were taken from the build-in material database.
Table 1 Feed angles and corresponding drawing forces in die drawing simulation Model No. 1 2 3 4 Original 5 6 7 Feed angle φ [°] 16 20 24 26* 26 28 32 36 Drawing force F [kN] 163 160 155 146 156 153 158 165 * Transition fillet between conical and cylindrical working surface of the die Fig. 3 shows the drawing force as the function of feed angle φ. 2-nd degree polynomial has been used to fit calculated data (the fitting equation is included in the figure).
The parabolic least squares approximation of the data in Fig. 3 doesn’t relate to any theoretical model or material behaviour expected.
The reduction of drawing force leads to higher productivity and/or lower energy consumption and lower tool wear.
Corresponding flow stress data for AISI-1020 were taken from the build-in material database.
Table 1 Feed angles and corresponding drawing forces in die drawing simulation Model No. 1 2 3 4 Original 5 6 7 Feed angle φ [°] 16 20 24 26* 26 28 32 36 Drawing force F [kN] 163 160 155 146 156 153 158 165 * Transition fillet between conical and cylindrical working surface of the die Fig. 3 shows the drawing force as the function of feed angle φ. 2-nd degree polynomial has been used to fit calculated data (the fitting equation is included in the figure).
The parabolic least squares approximation of the data in Fig. 3 doesn’t relate to any theoretical model or material behaviour expected.
The reduction of drawing force leads to higher productivity and/or lower energy consumption and lower tool wear.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Supawan Tirawanichakul, Yutthana Tirawanichakul, Khwanruedi Sangchum
The impingement air drying temperature was measured by K-type thermocouples connected to a data logger with an accuracy of ±0.5°C (Yogokawa model FX100, Japan).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Moisture reduction of herbal germinated brown rice.
Experiment data of head rice yield, fissured kernels and chalky grain of herbal germinated brown rice were presented in Table 1.
Experimental data for head rice yield, fissured kernels and chalky grain of two herbal germinated brown rice: drying air temperature 80-100°C, air velocity 7.3 m/s.
Note: Different superscripts in the same column mean that the values are significantly different at 95% confidence level (p0.05); * Control rice is germinated brown rice which trough the steaming and blow with the ambient temperature; * Market rice is turmeric germinated brown rice which sale in market Table 2 Experintal data for color of two Table 3 Sensory evolutions of two herbal herbal germinated brown rice.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Moisture reduction of herbal germinated brown rice.
Experiment data of head rice yield, fissured kernels and chalky grain of herbal germinated brown rice were presented in Table 1.
Experimental data for head rice yield, fissured kernels and chalky grain of two herbal germinated brown rice: drying air temperature 80-100°C, air velocity 7.3 m/s.
Note: Different superscripts in the same column mean that the values are significantly different at 95% confidence level (p0.05); * Control rice is germinated brown rice which trough the steaming and blow with the ambient temperature; * Market rice is turmeric germinated brown rice which sale in market Table 2 Experintal data for color of two Table 3 Sensory evolutions of two herbal herbal germinated brown rice.
Online since: September 2023
Authors: Sunisa Soetsom, Suriya Sukyee, Suthida Rungkron, Punnama Siriphannon
Introduction
Today's agricultural challenges include yield reduction, diminishing cultivable land due to globalization, less nutrient efficiency, lack of nutrient availability in soil, and lack of water accessibility.
Chemical composition, TGA data and DSC data of MMT/xCS-20KNO3-1TPP nanocomposites having various chitosan contents Sample Chitosan content (wt%) Molar ratio of K2O/ SiO2 TGA weight loss (wt%) DSC data (I) 50 – 100 oC (II) 210 – 490 oC (III) 500 – 700 oC Tm (oC) DH (J/g) MMT/2.5CS-20KNO3-1TPP 2.5 2.86 3.037 7.201 8.369 204.9 70.8 MMT/5CS-20KNO3-1TPP 5.0 2.89 3.651 10.072 7.554 203.2 83.2 MMT/10CS-20KNO3-1TPP 10.0 2.84 3.789 15.223 5.521 199.4 86.6 Table 1 also includes the onset melting temperature (Tm) and melting enthalpy (DHm) of MMT/xCS-20KNO3-1TPP nanocomposites with varying chitosan contents that were analyzed by DSC.
These findings corroborated the lower weight loss in stage (III) of TGA data.
Chemical composition, TGA data and DSC data of MMT/xCS-20KNO3-1TPP nanocomposites having various chitosan contents Sample Chitosan content (wt%) Molar ratio of K2O/ SiO2 TGA weight loss (wt%) DSC data (I) 50 – 100 oC (II) 210 – 490 oC (III) 500 – 700 oC Tm (oC) DH (J/g) MMT/2.5CS-20KNO3-1TPP 2.5 2.86 3.037 7.201 8.369 204.9 70.8 MMT/5CS-20KNO3-1TPP 5.0 2.89 3.651 10.072 7.554 203.2 83.2 MMT/10CS-20KNO3-1TPP 10.0 2.84 3.789 15.223 5.521 199.4 86.6 Table 1 also includes the onset melting temperature (Tm) and melting enthalpy (DHm) of MMT/xCS-20KNO3-1TPP nanocomposites with varying chitosan contents that were analyzed by DSC.
These findings corroborated the lower weight loss in stage (III) of TGA data.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Dong Mei Liu, Shi Sheng Tang, Ying Shi, Shu Juan Yu, Hui Wu
The visualized blue staining was recorded by Sony camera.
2.6 Statistical analysis
All the tests were done three times and the data were averaged.
Duncan’s multiple Ttest (p<0.05) was used to evaluate significant difference in different mean values. 3.Results and Discussion 3.1 SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) According to the previous results (data not shown), the optimum factors include fermentation period (48 h), water volume (50 ml), autoclave period (40 min) and (NH4)2SO4 quantity (2.0 g).
The partial digestion of large peptides in FPNM is attributed to proteases secreted by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 (data not shown).
We have carried on the relation between the structure and the allergens of FPNM (data not shown). 3.2.Analysis of total amino acids by HPLC Table 2 presents the protein concentration (nitrogen ×6.25) and amino acid profile of PNM and FPNM.
Tsuji, et al., “Reduction of the soybean allergenicity by the fermentation with Bacillus natto,” Food Science and Technology International, vol. 1, pp. 14-17, 1995.
Duncan’s multiple Ttest (p<0.05) was used to evaluate significant difference in different mean values. 3.Results and Discussion 3.1 SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) According to the previous results (data not shown), the optimum factors include fermentation period (48 h), water volume (50 ml), autoclave period (40 min) and (NH4)2SO4 quantity (2.0 g).
The partial digestion of large peptides in FPNM is attributed to proteases secreted by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 (data not shown).
We have carried on the relation between the structure and the allergens of FPNM (data not shown). 3.2.Analysis of total amino acids by HPLC Table 2 presents the protein concentration (nitrogen ×6.25) and amino acid profile of PNM and FPNM.
Tsuji, et al., “Reduction of the soybean allergenicity by the fermentation with Bacillus natto,” Food Science and Technology International, vol. 1, pp. 14-17, 1995.
Online since: April 2024
Authors: Govhar Abbasova, Leyla Vazirova
New crown complexes with biological prop ethers have been created, and the structure of the produced crown complexes has been determined using elemental analysis data from studies of these samples' IR, mass, and NMR spectra.
In Fig. 3 presents experimental data for tetracycline, from which the degree of extraction increases from 84 to 96% with an increase in the mass of the sorbent to 20 mg; a further increase in the mass of the sorbent does not affect the degree of extraction.
As can be seen from the data given in the table, with a corresponding increase in the phase contact time, the degree of tetracycline extraction does not change, which makes it possible to achieve high concentration factors (n·103).
The experimental data obtained in the work indicate that all the studied tetracyclines are sorbed on magnetic HCPS in neutral: quantitative sorption (96 – 98%) is observed in the pH range 2-7 in the region of dominance of this form.
Diluent effect on Sr(II) extraction using di-tert-butyl cyclohexane 18-crown-6 as the extractant and its correlation with transport data obtained from supported liquid membrane studies, Desalination, 198 (2006) 166-172
In Fig. 3 presents experimental data for tetracycline, from which the degree of extraction increases from 84 to 96% with an increase in the mass of the sorbent to 20 mg; a further increase in the mass of the sorbent does not affect the degree of extraction.
As can be seen from the data given in the table, with a corresponding increase in the phase contact time, the degree of tetracycline extraction does not change, which makes it possible to achieve high concentration factors (n·103).
The experimental data obtained in the work indicate that all the studied tetracyclines are sorbed on magnetic HCPS in neutral: quantitative sorption (96 – 98%) is observed in the pH range 2-7 in the region of dominance of this form.
Diluent effect on Sr(II) extraction using di-tert-butyl cyclohexane 18-crown-6 as the extractant and its correlation with transport data obtained from supported liquid membrane studies, Desalination, 198 (2006) 166-172