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Reduction Kinetics of Iron Ore Materials by Gases A.N.
In particular, recently at the Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences a balance logic-statistical model of the blast furnace process [1] has been used which is based on the use of material and thermal balances along with statistical data and the most significant regularities of heat exchange and balance conditions of iron oxides with a gas phase.
Calculation of non-uniformity of distribution of gas on top radius As the initial information the practical data about distributions 2CO and temperature of gas on radius of top are usually used.
In the mathematical model, there is the possibility of using any types of distributions as on practical data and by expert.
As the initial data the following are used: the furnace characteristics, composition and properties iron ore raw materials, limestone, coke, blasting parameters, factors of non-uniformity of the gas stream, coordinated with the profile of charge level (a site of an ore crest, its height).

Based on the data availability and the total amount of different countries’ CO2 emission, 49 countries’ data between 2001 and 2007 are taken as the samples.
CO2 emission amount in Africa is not included in this research because of low CO2 emission and lacking data in Africa.
The data of energy and CO2 are from Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2009.
The capital stock is obtained by roughly calculating the relevant data in Penne World Table (PWT6.3) with perpetual inventory method.
The data of labor force and GDP are also collected according to PWT6.3.

Diagnostic Object Information Collection Data Preprocessing Attribute reduction Rule base generation Control Measures Diagnosis Figure 1.
Thus see that, DMFD model framework consists of the following three components: (1) Data pre-processing module will fault case data in the database through data cleansing, data conversion and data extraction tools such as pretreatment, into an analytical data set, this analysis of the data set is for the next mining algorithm established
Rough set reduction is an important concept for data analysis.
Use reduction results, you can get a preliminary classification of fault data, are diagnostic rules.
Data Mining in Fault Diagnosis.

In the analysis of slope stability, a reduction method of non-linear shear strength was applied.
A power function was used to approximate the shear failure envelope which is determined by the non-linear criterion or experimental data, and then the coefficients of that function were determined by using the collocation points.
To well and simply implement the shear strength reduction in slope stability calculations, we used a power function to approximate the shear strength failure envelope which is determined by the nonlinear criterion or experimental data in the normal and shear stress plane (we chose the most popular non-linear criterion, Hoek-Brown criterion, as an example), and then calculated the coefficients of that function by using the collocation points.
(12) In order to obtain the EM-C parameters, we suppose that the cohesion ce has a initial value ce0, then gain the friction angle φe0 based on the method of least square (LSM) which is a procedure to determine the best fit line to data.
In this paper, we used a power function to approximate the shear strength failure envelope which is determined by the non-linear criterion or experimental data in the normal and shear stress plane, and calculated the coefficients of the function.

Vorovskogo, 13-7, Chelyabinsk, 7454094, Russian Federation abilgenova@susu.ru, bgamovpa@susu.ru, croshchinve@susu.ru Keywords: solid-phase reduction, direct reduction, indirect reduction, anionic vacancy, cation, quantitative estimation.
The direct reduction of metals from a complex oxide with low iron content by solid carbon and indirect reduction by CO gas were studied in a vertical laboratory resistance furnace at 1300 °C for an hour reduction time.
Introduction The complexity of the process of metal reduction from solid oxides by carbon is associated with the fact that there is no a single reduction mechanism which could be valid for all cases of the metal reduction.
The data about the area of each reduced iron particle, the total number of iron particles, the average size and the area of the total metal was obtained as a result of processing of the panoramic optical images of surface of the samples’ sections, Table 1.
At the same temperature and time of reduction, the reduction by CO gas led to the reduction of the metal with total area 1373.33 - 1851.55 μm2 with average size of every particle 1.87-1.32 μm2.

The equilibrium distribution of Cr and Si between slag and metal was calculated on the basis of the acquired data.
We have got some conclusive data and done some analysis about the thermodynamic feasibility of smelting reduction.
Kinetics Research of Chromium Ore Smelting Reduction Process in a Converter Carbon is cheap and easily got, and its reduction ability improves as the temperature rises, which satisfies the reduction thermodynamic condition of chromium ore.
So it is selected as reducing agent in the chromium ore reduction system.
Reduction process was divided into three phases.

Data showed that three work stations namely, peeled trim station, arrangement before cooked station, and arrangement in tray station, needed to be improved.
Data in figure 1 was showed that 80 percent of cost was indicated at peeled trim station and arrangement before cooked station.
Then researchers selected those problems to solve and compare data between before and after improvement.
The improvement of process applying industrial technique is one of the best techniques to cost reduction [4].
Finally, the evaluation of proposed technique was recorded to compare between before and after improvement at each station using statistic data.

The key parameters of soft reduction technology includes: total reduction, reduction position and reduction ratio, reduction rate for the designated areas.
On the premise of determination of position in soft reduction, we analyze the macrostructure test, central segregation index methods according to the measured data.
The relation between total rolling reduction and reduction ratio[7]: Total rolling reduction = (1) Where:— total rolling reduction/mm; —reduction ratio/mm·m-1; —length of soft reduction/m。
Reduction rate means the rolling reduction during unit time.
Reduction rate is an important parameter for devices of soft reduction.

Therefore, a rough calculation method about carbon emission reductions of separation collection was summarized here, with reference to the domestic and foreign empirical data of carbon emission reductions in the waste management.
Besides, carbon emissions by recycling are influenced by the reprocessing technology, the type of energy as an alternative, and the use of different basic data.
Moreover, the commonly used calculation methods of carbon emissions are based on the volatile data of each waste component, which is more often established by the study of waste in European and American.
Table 1 The composition of MSW in Guangxi in2010 [%] Composition Organic matter Inorganic matter Others Kitchen waste Waste paper Bamboo Fiber Plastics Rubber Glass Ceramics Metal Dust Mass percentage 46.6 5.2 1.3 9.8 0.9 1.9 0.2 30.9 3.2 Note: Data is from the "The second Five-Year Plan of waste disposal facilities construction in Guangxi".
Table 2 Adopted value of carbon emissions during the operation/process of waste treatment [kg CO2-eq.t–1] Operation type Collection/ transportation Landfill Biological treatment Recycling Within a distance of 20 km High organic waste Low organic waste Anaerobic digestion Waste paper Waste wood Waste plastics Waste glass Waste metal Unit carbon emission 20 675 -25 -132 -3125 -220 -528 -485 -9260 Note: The -related data about carbon emissions were derived from references [1~10].

This paper presents an empirical Gramian balanced reduction method which efficiently solves nonlinear power system model reduction problems.
Model reduction is one of effective solutions to solve the above problems.
Nonlinear dynamic power system model reduction is the key research hotspot.
The system sample data got by the empirical method must be in stable region, and reflect the perturbation as much as possible.
The more data samples of system, the more accurate Gramian matrices.