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These structures, and the property gradients therein, may take several forms.
Some structures have, or approach having, property gradients that are continuous' at a size scale that is of the order of a few particle or grain sizes.
Other structures, such as those based upon laminated structures, have sharper but smaller discontinuities in structure and properties.
A correspondingly diverse set of processing approaches has been used to fabricate these structures.
Stamos, The reactive route to ceramic joining: fabrication, interfacial chemistry and joint properties, Acta mater. 46 (1998) 2407-2414

The terms cellular structures or porous structures are general expressions that refer to materials having large volume of pores while the terms foamed structures or foams imply materials where the porosity is generated through foaming processes.
Rusanescu, Fine structure analysis of biocompatible ceramic materials based hydroxyapatite and metallic biomaterials 316L, Appl.
Dobos, Synthesis of foamed bioceramics for potential medical applications, M.Ph.D. thesis, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry (2011)
Ivanchenko, Structure evolution and properties of biogenic hydroxyapatite-based biocomposite, Processing and Application of Ceramics, 3 (2009) 157-160
Nakamura, The Role of Foaming Agent in Structure and Mechanical Performance of Al Based Foams, Mater.

To over- come this, the low-temperature soft chemistry method was developed which involved alternative approaches using lower temperature in synthesis.
It is the autonomous organization of components into patterns or structures without human intervention.
It is a 2D tetragonal cell [15], a = b = 0.615 nm, γ = 90°, in which (00l) one denotes a well-ordered layer structure and (hk0) one denotes the 2D structure of the walls.
The structure of nanorods is obviously different from the one in Ref. [3].
Mai: Study on Preparation, Structure and Properties of Low-dimesioned Vanadium Oxide Nanomaterials (Dissertation for Ph.

The morphological structure of the synthesized ceramics was investigated by an optical microscope (ZEISS KS300) and SEM (JEOL JSM 840).
The kernel has high-density structure with small quantity of the pores.
Vollath, in: Uranium Dioxide, UO2, physical properties, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Suppl.
The SiC layer has the high-density structure too (Fig. 3 c), that determines high value of the microhardness (Hv = 34 ± 2 GPa).
A334 (2002), p.267 ], the dark grey colour zones have β-SiC structure in SEM images, and the light grey zones have α-SiC structure.

Study of Cellulose-Dibutyl Sebacate Copolymer Synthesis and Characterization of Crosslinked Cellulose-Dibutyl Sebacate Copolymers for Oil Absorbency Halidan Mamat Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China email:halidan2000@yahoo.com.cn.
Crosslinked copolymers still maintained the original fibrous structure of original cellulose.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis The crystal structure is always changed during polymerization.
The glass transition temperature was determined by morphological structures of polymers.
This might be because that after alkali treatment and acid precipitation process, the structure of this waste cellulose was more loosely.

In addition, the morphology of graphene is also governing the structure-property relationship.
The existing pentagon rings in graphene cause the change of curvatures of graphene and generate those novel nano-structures.
Chang, Structure, energy, and structural transformations of graphene grain boundaries from atomistic simulations.
Roth, The structure of suspended graphene sheets.
Chen, Tuning the electronic structure of graphene nanoribbons through chemical edge modification: A theoretical study.

Four specific chemistry batteries (lead-acid, sodium-sulfur (NaS), vanadium redox, and Li-ion) are the leading candidates among various rechargeable battery technologies.
GEL cells has tubular and plate structure.
So, GEL cells with the tubular structure exhibit better performance than those with plate structure.
Therefore, GEL cells with tubular structure have the advantage in the photovoltaic system and wind power system.
Structure diagram of Wind-PV-ES System As shown in Fig. 2, Pw is the fluctuant active power put out by wind turbines.

This effect is mainly attributed to the removal of non-cellulose cementing materials that present amorphous structure.
Kottaisamy, Structure, morphology and thermal characteristics of banana nano fibers obtained by steam explosion, Bioresour.
Browning, The chemistry of wood, Interscience Publisher, Warrenvile, 1963
Horwood, Wood and cellulosics: Industrial utilization, biotechnology, structure and properties, Br.
Boerjan, Lignin biosynthesis and structure, Plant Physiol. 153 (2010) 895-905

Then different metallic elements like Ω-shaped structures [6],U-shaped structures [7],paired rods [8],staplelike structures [9], dendritic [10] and fishnet structures [11] were designed to fabricate negative index materials.
(a) Structure of the composite material in Lexwin’s model.
(b) Structure of the Mie resonance-based MPA constituted of spheres and a metallic ground plane.
(b) Structure of the Mie resonance-based MPA constituted of dielectric cube and copper.
Brus: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105 (2001) No.3, p.599 [36] S.V.

A meaningful knowledge of ϵ(ω) is necessary for deep understanding of electronic structure and band gap.
The structures appear in L(ω) spectrum (Fig. 3) are associated with plasma frequency.
In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co
Electronic structure: basic theory and practical methods, Cambridge university press
"Electronic structure calculations of solids using the WIEN2k package for material sciences."