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A number of corrosion studies involving stainless steel material have been carried out.
The corrosion progression rate is affected by the high stress because the high stress concentrations at the initial austenitic grain boundaries induced more pit nucleation [9], hence we examined the strain distribution in tensile test on finite element analysis (FEA).

Field studies or research in the swash zone have been relatively few in numbers (none in Malaysia) and there is a clear need to improve current available field equipment in order to get high quality data for better understanding of this complex process.
Modelling coarse-grained beach profile evolution.

Compared with other formulations, acid sulphate copper plating baths provide a number of desirable features, including the lower cost, fast deposition rate, ease in maintenance, lower toxicity, and good uniformity in strength and ductility [4].
It is noteworthy that the electroplating of copper with or without sodium citrate followed Scharitker−Hill 3D instantaneous nucleating and subsequent grain growth mechanism which is controlled by diffusion of copper ions.

The corrosion rate was calculated using the following equation [6-7]: (1) where: jcorr is the corrosion current density , M – molecular weight of iron, n – number of electrons exchanged, r - iron density.
In result of laser treatment different oxides and fine grains form on the surface of coating, which leads to different corrosion characteristics.

The diffusion of gaseous molecules through the grain boundaries of the organic active layer into the channel region is critical.
A number of methods has been developed to improve electrical conductivity and sensitivity of OTFTs, such as doping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or using metal oxide materials, etc[6,7].

M— Nickel ions or Manganese ions; L—chelating molecules; n—chelating number; β1，β2，βn—chelating equilibrium constant; Table 1, The reaction equation and equilibrium constant in the solution No Equation lgKβ 1 NH3+H+=NH4+ lgKah=9.27 2 H2O=H++OH- lgKw=-14.0 3 Ni(OH)2(s)=Ni2++2OH- lgKspnh=-13.7 4 Ni2++OH-=Ni(OH)+ lgKnh1=3.97 5 Ni2++2OH-=Ni(OH)20 lgKnh6=7.55 6 Ni2++3OH-=Ni(OH)3- lgKnh3=11.33 7 2Ni2++OH-=Ni2(OH)3+ lgKnh5=3.3 8 Ni2++NH3=Ni(NH3)2+ lgKnn1=2.8 9 Ni2++2NH3=Ni(NH3)22+ lgKnn2=4.04 10 Ni2++3NH3=Ni(NH3)32+ lgKnn3=5.77 11 Ni2++4NH3=Ni(NH3)42+ lgKnn4=6.96 12 Ni2++5NH3=Ni(NH3)52+ lgKnn5=2.71 13 Ni2++6NH3=Ni(NH3)62+ lgKnn6=2.74 14 Mn(OH)2(s)=Mn2++2OH- lgKspmh=-12.8 15 Mn2++OH-=Mn(OH)+ lgKnh1=3.4 16 Mn2++3OH-=Mn(OH)3- lgKnh2=7.3 17 2Mn2++OH-=Mn2(OH)3+ lgKnh4=3.4 18 2Mn2++3OH-=Mn(OH)3+ lgKnh5=17.1 19 Mn2++NH3=Mn(NH3)2+ lgKmn1=1.0 20 Mn2++2NH3=Mn(NH3)22+ lgKmn2=1.54 21 Mn2++3NH3=Mn(NH3)32+ lgKmn3=1.70 22 Mn2++4NH3=Mn(NH3)42+ lgKmn4=1.30 The relations in co-precipitation system are as follows
So, when pH=11 and [NH3]=0.8-1mol/L, the morphology of Ni1/2Mn1/2(OH)2 is the best, and the total ammonia concentration in the reactor close to 0.4mol/L at this moment; when the ammonia concentration is lower, the particle size of formed Ni1/2Mn1/2(OH)2 is smaller and prone to agglomeration, the particles are large; while the ammonia concentration is higher, nickel ion and ammonia is easily formed complex and the precipitation is incomplete and the speed of grain growth is slow.

Introduction Powder metallurgy includes a number of steps, to produce parts with varied characteristics.
For high-pressure values, the contact surfaces expand, the grains deform plastically and the porosity rate in the final compact is insignificant.

Owing to the high cooling rate, these components have extremely fine cellular dendrites with Laves phase precipitating in the sub-grain boundaries according to the nature of SLM process [[] M.
Tensile samples show a greater number of fine needle-like γ′′ phases (Fig.8a), while compression samples show some larger size δ precipitates (Fig.8b).

In this research the effect of aggregate gradation on concrete permeability has been examined using a number of laboratory test results.
Fig. 3 is an individual percent retained curve (IPR), which shows the grain size distribution for both of the selected aggregate gradations with respect to “8-22” distribution.

For each test series there is a settled number of four probes.
Above all the SLM process, the chosen geometry of the to be printed object, the grain size and as a result of process failures cause those issues.