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Figure 4.Cross section of the flexible tube Pt is the total pressure (P + Pi) to be applied on a section to achieve a reduction in diameter and it is assumed that this is attained by ‘n’ number of SMA wires surrounding the tube over a length of L of the tube as shown in Fig. 5.
From (10) which gives the force that is to be applied by each SMA wire to get a reduction in diameter of the tube by a factor K, the amount of voltage to be applied to each SMA wire is calculated.
Further work aims at developing the prototype and to carryout experiments with various liquids and compares the results with theoretical data which will be made available in future communications.

Moreover, the different contributions of the strengthening mechanisms have been estimated, showing that reduction of precipitation hardening at coiling temperatures lower than 625ºC can be the cause of significant mechanical property impairment in the high Ti steel.
Due to this, the amount of Nb in solid solution available during phase transformation is lower, which results in a reduction of the hardenability effect that Nb in solid solution exerts.
For calculation of dislocation contribution, Taylor’s equation and the following approach for calculation of the dislocation density (ρ) from EBSD data has been used in several works [5, [] N.

A reduction of conductivity can be clearly observed t for Al-Zr aged at 2 hours from 19.6850 to 18.1159 (MΩ.m)-1 at 7.97% of reduction.
Martienssen Hans, Structure and Basic Mechanical Properies of Wrought Work-Hardenable Aluminum alloys,Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, Spinger Berlin Heidelberg,1,(2005),180.

The mechanism of electrodeposition of the binary Ni-P alloy coating can be described by the reaction of nickel ion reduction to metallic nickel: , (1) and the incorporation of phosphorus from the galvanic bath containing sodium hypophosphite: . (2) Phosphorus is the non-metal element which cannot be deposited alone from its aqueous solution without nickel as it is predicted by the theory of the induced codeposition [6,10,11,15,16].
The induced codeposition of the Ni-P alloy coating can be described by the following total reaction: . (3) The mechanism of the induced codeposition of the ternary Ni-Co-P alloy coating can be described by the reaction of electrodeposition of individual nickel (Eq. 1), phosphorus (Eq. 2), and cobalt metal: . (4) The electrodeposition of the Ni-Co-P alloy coating is described by the following total reaction [16]: . (5) In case of the electrodeposition mechanism of the ternary Ni-W-P alloy coating, beside the raction of nickel reduction (Eq. 1) and induced codeposition of phosphorus (Eq. 2), the following reaction of tungsten electrodeposition takes place [17]: . (6) The total reaction of the electrodeposition process of the Ni-W-P alloy coating is as follows: . (7) It should be added that in accordance with literature data to explain the electrodeposition mechanism of the Ni-W-P alloys an assumption is made that nickel and tungsten form a mixed complex in galvanic bath

As a matter of fact, enhancement of quality level in structure construction will decrease the investment in material in later working procedure directly, including reduction in plaster, as well as the thickness of leveling course and the cushion. 3) A sound institution on material safekeeping and receiving was established.
According to the geological survey report and depth of adjacent pile in the actual situation, definite depth in penetration was determined, frequent monitoring was carried out and real-time feedback monitoring data was recorded.
The project department adopted a series of control measures starting from the source of noise. 2) Construction scheme after optimization greatly simplified the construction process and achieved a better noise reduction effect. 5.4 Light pollution 1）The range of temporary lighting was strictly controlled at the construction site.

Flocs structure could be simply described by the index of fractal dimension (Df), which could be calculated by the data from Mastersizer [7]. 3.
Conclusion Application of PAM-PAC composite flocculant could remove NOM effectively, and meanwhile attributed to the reduction of residual aluminum in coagulation effluent.
Qu, W. van der Meer, Multiple dynamic Al-based floc layers on ultrafiltration membrane surfaces for humic acid and reservoir water fouling reduction, Water Res. 139 (2018) 291-300

Bio-fuels and commonly used fossil fuels are quite different in energy density, ratio of production energy consumption and carbon content, carbon emissions, carbon emissions reduction (refer with: Table 1) [2].
and common used fossil fuel fuel source energy density Energy cnsump- tion Carbon content ratio Carbon emissions Decrement of carbon emissions Fossil fuel low sulfur diesel crude oil 48.6 0.26 0.86 0.065 0.000 diesel oil Crude oil 48.6 0.20 0.86 0.065 0.000 unleaded gasoline Crude oil 51.6 0.19 0.86 0.061 0.000 bunker oil Crude oil 54.2 0.19 0.86 0.058 0.000 anthracite coal 31.0 0.10 0.92 0.109 0.000 methyl alcohol natural gas 22.4 0.20 0.51 0.083 0.000 Ethyl alcohol Crude oil 35.0 0.20 0.52 0.050 0.000 Bio- fuel rapeseed oil rape 43.0 0.29 0.55 0.047 0.061 Bio-diesel oil rape 43.7 0.44 0.61 0.051 0.074 Recycled colleseed oil 0.19 0.61 0,051 0.061 Bio-ethyl alcohol wheat 35 0.46 0.52 0.054 0.080 corn 0.29 0.046 0.070 straw 0.57 0.058 0.086 From table 1, we can find that bio-fuel is less inferior than fossil fuels in terms of energy density, almost equivalent in aspect of production energy consumption, but bio-fuel comfortably beats fossil fuels in terms of carbon emission reduction
Through the data analysis releasing by United States department of agriculture in 2002-2004 on corn and soybean planting in the process of fertilization, cultivation and pesticides, Hill concluded that: under current condition, the greenhouse gas emission of bio-diesel with soybean can be reduced by 41% comparing to common diesel in the process of production and use, and that of 12% to bio- ethanol made of corn.

But, the apparent viscosity of melt has smaller lowering amplitude, which shows the vibration amplitude has decreasing influence on the materials in terms of viscosity reduction.
By comparison of apparent viscosity-shear rate curves of HDPE/UHMWPE blends prepared by different processing methods under static and dynamic states, the vibration field has most noticeable influence on the HDPE/UHMWPE/MMWPE blends prepared by direct blending in terms of viscosity reduction.
DSC data show that the crystallization degree of the blends prepared under vibration field increases over that under stable state and the melting crystallizing peak is more pointed, which shows the orientation degree of UHMWPE molecular chain is increased and the perfect crystallization of blends is enlarged.

These contaminants can change the microstructural makeup of the component, favouring the stability of α-Ti and causing increases in strength and reductions in ductility.
In addition, limits on atmosphere (vacuum or argon; helium is comparatively expensive) purity may be partly relaxed depending on the magnitude of any reduction in the sintering cycle that may be realised.
Kendall, in: Research and development in titanium: implications for a titanium metal industry in Australia, Research Report (2008), Information on http://www.abare.gov.au (08.2) [10] Information on http://www.titaniuminfogroup.com Data sheet 16 [visited 2 December 2009] [11] R.M.

Table 1 shows the ZrO2 content and resulting ceramic density from a series of 6 sequentially deposited tubes, the data indicates that there is no preferential deposition of one material over the other during the EPD sequence.
In NiO/ZrO2 cermet layers the NiO, following reduction to Ni on firing, provides the conductive element within the SOFC anode and the ZrO2 provides mechanical stability, compatible thermal expansion and helps to maintain the required porosity.
Various compositions for cermet layers have been deposited as shown in Table 2 and following firing and reduction it can be seen that the level of Ni in each case matches the starting level of NiO, thus indicating that there is no preferential deposition between the 2 components.