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The experimental data at present is (a) (b) Fig. 4: SEM Images of films deposited on (a) normal-sapphire at a nitrogen pressure of 50 mTorr and (b) step-sapphire at 2000 mTorr.
This results in the reduction in the adatom and adparticle energy on the substrate surface.
The usage of step-sapphire can compensate the reduction.

According to data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2020, food losses amounted to 2.6 million tons, and in 2021 — 2.8 million tons.
The recommended algorithm for the implementation of the state environmental policy in the field of food waste management in Ukraine includes: · adoption of programs to prevent the formation of food waste; · outlining goals for food waste reduction, which should be supported by clear recommendations and measurement methods; · creation of a food waste monitoring system; · creation of food waste hierarchy, which includes each stage of food loss; · increased investment in solving food waste problems at home and in the public catering sector; · encouraging the population to rational consumption, composting, as well as promotion of ecological knowledge.
Today, Ukraine can intensify the process of food waste reduction and improve its food security by decreasing losses that begin at the production stages, as well as by reducing household costs, and increasing investments in solving food waste problems at home and in the public catering sector.

Fusion welding of the 7xxx series aluminium alloys often results in a reduction in strength in the HAZ due to modification of the precipitate morphology during the weld thermal cycle [8,9].
The pouring temperature (approximately 10 to 20°C above the liquidus) and the semi-solid metal processing temperature (corresponding to a solid fraction of 30%) were calculated from thermodynamic data [4].
The hardness in the HAZ decreased from the weld metal towards the unaffected base metal due to a reduction in the extent of solution annealing and possible overageing of strengthening precipitates.

In their model, the only driving force for GB self-diffusion was the reduction of elastic strain energy of the film.
A main component of the driving force for GB interdiffusion is the reduction of the chemical Gibbs free energy of the intermixing components due to formation of solid solution in the GB.
Kaur I, Gust W, Kozma L (1989) Handbook of grain and interphase boundary diffusion data, Ziegler Press, Stuttgart, Germany.

Surface contamination during laser ablation is greatly reduced compared to the standard chemical synthesis involving reduction of metal salts because the particles are formed directly from ablation of a pure\ target in a pure solvent [9].
The experimental data also confirmed the nonlinearity phenomenon was due self-defocusing process.
Third Order Optical Nonlinearity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared by Chemical Reduction Method, Journal of Al-Nahrain University, Vol. 20 (3), September 2017, pp.99-104

Such waste materials containing high metal concentrations (S, C, V, Fe, Ni, Si) may be considered an alternative serving as secondary raw materials with a consequent reduction in demand for primary mineral resources and cost reduction in acquiring a new catalyst [4,5].
An ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference in only one group (A) represented by solid percentage data, with a value of 0.0632.

These researches have been indicated that co-combustion of coal and biomass was an emerging new area in pollutant reduction, particularly the reduction of SO2 emission by adding adsorbed sulfur agent and of CO2 emission by adding biomass instand of part coal during combustion while maintaining an efficient energy supply.
Based on the experimental data, the combustion mechanism of coal and biomass blends were analyzed and the kinetics equation was obtained.

In the previous literatures [4-6], typical synthetic methods to introducing metal nanoparticles into porous material are (i) ion exchange of the noble metal ions into porous matrixes followed by reduction; (ii) chemical vapor deposition with high-volatility organic metallic precursors and (iii) impregnation with metal salts followed by reduction with H2 gas at a high temperature.
From these data, we can know that calcination can lead to an increase in particle size of Au nanoparticles, but growth extent was particularly suppressed to only 50 % by the mesoporous silica hence preserving the property of Au nanoparticles.

Sreenivas et al. [5] established a relationship between the circulation ratio and the filling ratio based on experimental data obtained from an MR J-T refrigerator operating in liquid refrigerant supply (LRS) and gas refrigerant supply (GRS) modes.
When the proportion of R-23 increased, the condensation pressure decreased, leading to a reduction in the expansion valve inlet temperature.
References [1] 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships [2] Samjong KPMG Economic Research Institute, ISSUE MONITOR, 111, 2019, pp. 12-16

In the previous study [1], it has been made clear that the larger peeling speed of adhesive film leads the performance gains in removal of loading carbon chips and the reduction of processing cycle times.
The optimum press rolling processes are important for the reduction of cycle time to recover the grinding performance of wheel as same as the peeling process of adhesive films.
The projecting height of abrasive grain means the average one for 20 data obtained by wheel surface Fig. 6 Variations of SPa of wheel surface Fig. 7 Relationships between SPa before cleaning process and increase in SPa profiles with laser microscope.