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Different processes that occur during MA of powders lead to the formation of specific structures that promote and accelerate solid-state reactions, as well as densification during sintering.
These new properties are linked to the high density of grain boundaries and interfaces that result from their nanoscaled structure.
In that stage the starting materials is transformed into a new materials with a completely different structure and properties.
Different processes that occur during the mechanical activation of powders lead to the formation of specific structures that promote and accelerate solid-state reactions, as well as densification during reaction sintering.
Without going into the details of the underlying physical chemistry, perhaps the short diffusion distances and high density of interfaces found in nanostructured materials bring into lay mechanisms other than diffusion such as interfacial reactions that may play a far greater role than expected.

CNTs, which are consisted of multi-layered structure, exhibit similar XRD patterns to the graphite particularly (002) plane [17, 18].
The XRD patters of the fabricated composites demonstrated multiple NiO phases (JCPDS 47-1049) which indicates the presence of hexagonal structure [19].
It can be clearly observed that the demonstrated peaks intensity increased noticeably at higher concentration which specifies the presence of some defects in the carbon structure [28].
A tubular and an interwoven surface morphologies were observed in samples C1, C3, and C5; this was accompanied along with the presence of nanotube-like structure, particularly in C5.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 223 (2011) 97-102

The phytoliths can be used as a cheap silicon resource to prepare nano-structured silica.
Figure 3 shows the SEM structure and EDX analysis of S-BAT and S-AAT.
Diffractogram shows characteristic features of amorphous material indicating that heating of teff straw converted the crystalline cellulose structure to an amorphous, random and disordered structure in S-BAT.
Iler, The Chemistry of Silica, Wiley, New York, 1979
Leela-Adisorn, Nano-structured silica from rice husk, J.

This study includes the identification of parameters for the characterization of the structural behavior of thin plates composed of geopolymer mortars structured with bi-directional carbon fiber mesh.
It is a reaction that integrates silicon and aluminum forming molecular structures comparable to natural rock features.
Numerical program The numerical program was developed in ATENA Computer Program for Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures, version 5.02 [10].
Geopolymer: Chemistry and Applications. 3. ed.
Materials and structures,v.18, n.106.

Pyrrole-based silane primer for corrosion protection of commercial AA 2024 T3 Monica Truebaa and Stefano Trasatti b Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy a monica.trueba@unimi.it, bstefano.trasatti@unimi.it Keywords: Al alloys, silanization, polypyrrole.
SiPy layer structure contains both polysiloxane bonds and pyrrole oligomers, with some degree of doping, giving a highly coherent layer.
Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were employed for coating structure/composition and morphology characterization. 2.
The number of vibrational bands is, as expected, significantly decreased, particularly in the LW region, and in agreement with a simplest silane structure [16,20,22].
The C1s analysis (Table 3) can be explained in terms of the different carbon types in SiPy structure (Fig. 1) like those of methylene groups and, α-(or C-N) and β- carbons of the Py ring.

This paper highlights the role played by diffusion processes to achieve a better characterization of structure and dynamics in atomic-scale studies of materials.
We have selected one case for which an accurate account of bonding, through a description based on the electronic structure, proved highly crucial.
First-principles molecular dynamics results Structure and diffusion in liquid GeSe2 via FPMD.
In the first, three different theoretical frameworks based on distinct exchange-correlations functionals within DFT have been employed to describe the structure of a given material, liquid GeSe2.
Hutter: Ab-initio molecular dynamics: theory and implementation in: Modern Methods and Algorithms of Quantum Chemistry, edited by J.

Research on biomaterials is connected inherently with the various aspects of materials science, chemistry, biology and medicine.
Lattice parameters of the samples were measured using Bragg's law equations for BCC and HCP structures.
Optical microstructures displayed the presence of carbides (long band structures, identified in a previous work [18]) and pores.
Wang, Y.N Pan, Composition/Phase Structure and Properties of Titanium-Niobium Alloys, Materials Transactions, 44 (2003) 2384-2390

In vitro reactivity of bioactive glass fibers Hanna Arstila1,a , Mikko Tukiainen2,b,, Leena Hupa1,c , Heimo Ylänen 1,d , Minna Kellomäki2,e and Mikko Hupa1,f 1 Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland 2 Institute of Biomaterials, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 589, 33101 Tampere, Finland a hanna.arstila@abo.fi, bmikko.tukiainen@tut.fi, cleena.hupa@abo.fi, dheiyla@utu.fi, cminna.kellomaki@tut.fi, fmikko.hupa@abo.fi Keywords: Bioactive glass, fiber, in vitro reactions Abstract.
By processing bioactive glass fibers and biodegradable polymers into 3D structures, bone formation ability of glasses and flexibility of polymers can be combined.

Pisarzhevskii Institute of the Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 31 Nauky Ave., Kyiv 03028, Ukraine 3Nanomedtekh Ltd., Kyiv, Ukraine ao.hrytsenko@kpi.ua, bd.grytsenko@kpi.ua, cshvalagin@inphyschem-nas.kiev.ua, dgrodzyuk.g.ya@nas.gov.ua *corresponding author Keywords: screen printing, photoluminescence, Ag nanoparticles, nanophotonics, smart packaging, intelligent packaging.
Metal nanoparticles can be luminescent as with the decrease in their size their band structure forms discrete energy levels which are similar to those in molecules [15, 16].
Silver nanoparticle structures are reported to be used for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on cardboard plates [19].
Dickson, Highly fluorescent noble-metal quantum dots, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 58 (2007) 409-431

When oil sample is added into the bitumen grade 60/70, the physical structure is changed into less viscosity compared with normal condition.
Basically, FFA value will be increased due to the frying process that might change the chemical structure of oil thus produce more fatty acid compared to fresh oil.
Based on the graph presented by [19], it show the increasing amount of the existence free fatty acid after frying process takes place due to the alteration of chemical structure of oil.
The chemical structure inside the sample determined the performance of modified asphalt binder with the addition of WCO.
Min, Chemistry of Deep-Fat Frying Oils.