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Bearing failure of specimen where is the embedment strength of wood member as determined in a clause 10.4.4.2 of O86.1-94, is number of rows, is thickness of the member, is the number of bolts per row, is diameter of the bolts.
A sign of row shear-out on bolted wood connections was shown in Fig.2[9], two longitudinal failure planes at each of bolt would be observed, the strength of row shear-out failure was represented using the following equation [7]: (2) where, is specified strength in shear parallel-to-grain. is the factor for number of rows ( for one row (1 bolt per row ); 0.8 for two rows (2 or more bolts in a row); 0.6 for three rows (2 or more bolts in a row)), is end distance, is bolt spacing in the row.
The strength of group tear–out failure was calculated using the following formula [7]: (3) whereis row spacing,is specified strength in tension parallel-to-grain at the gross section.
Lateral strength and stiffness of single and multiple bolts in glued-laminated timber loaded parallel-to-grain.
On the failure modes and strength of steel-wood-steel bolted timber connections loaded parallel-to-grain.

Ultimate tensile strength increased with decrease in grain size.
The software distinguished different grains using various color contrast, and then calculated equivalent diameter of each grain.
The base metal microstructure consisted of large elongated grains typical of a rolled structure, with an average grain size of 75μm (shown in Fig. 2a).
The grain size of the nugget zone is determined by two major factors.
The average grain size of the base metal was 75μm.

However, at an elevated temperature, grain growth may occur.
Comparison of surface roughness, grain height and grain diameter of titanium vanadium nitride coatings prior to and after heat treatments.
AFM measurements showed that grain refinement had occurred in the coatings, but a mixture of grain sizes from 90 nm to 200 nm existed in the samples after heat treatment.
The value of ko was considered as the limiting grain size for grain refinement under specified deposition conditions.
It should also be noted under different nitrogen deposition pressures, the number and the energies of the depositing species approaching the substrate may vary, therefore the grain structure and its associated properties may change in the coatings deposited at different nitrogen pressures, which may lead to different annealing behaviour in subsequent heat treatment process.

It was found that all the three factors had significant impact on the number of broken grains.
For the sale of rice grains, whole kernels can be sold at a higher price than broken grains.
Whole kernels refer to intact rice grains containing no broken parts and including at least 90 % of the grain length.
Broken grains, on the other hand, mean broken rice grains with lengths of at least 25% of the grain length.
Broken grains also refer to split rice grains with less than 80 percent of grain volume [9].

To study the influence mechanism of the excavation stability of the debris accumulation body by the expansive fine grain, it has used by Particle Flow Code, based on indoor test, the fine-grain expansive effect has divided into fine-grain intensity attenuation and volume expansion, and it has linear decreased down from the surface on the accumulation body.
Table. 1 The properties of the unit classification of grains and bedrock interface properties fine grains gravel rolling stone bedrock interface number 2200 2500 30 5 density/[kg/m3] 2000 2600 2600 - radius/[m] 0.05～0.2 0.2～1 1～2 - normal stiffness /[pa] 5e8 1e9 1e9 1e8 shear stiffness /[pa] 1e8 2e8 2e8 1e8 coefficient of friction/[f] 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.0 normal cohesive strength/[pa] 1e5 - - - shear cohesive strength /[pa] 1e5 - - - Simulation of expansive effect.After analyzed by indoor SEM, X-ray diffraction and ESCA, it is found that the debris accumulation body contains lots of clay minerals of ledikite and turface.
First, strength degradation caused by expansive fine grains is consecrated.
Then, based on the reduction of intensity, the expansion of fine grain is considerate having volume expansion.
The Particle flow code method is used to simulate pressure balance method to measure the type expansion of fine grains, and the simulation model is shown in (Fig. 2b), and with the volume expansive corresponding control grain density and the module change thus is obtained that the grain radius increases by 1.000005 times each time the loop repeats, after repeating 2000 steps, the fine grain types expansibility reaches 75~80kPa, the free swelling rate reaches 60%~65%.

The number of particles under 50nm increased gradually and the number of precipitates between 50~400 nm reduced significantly when the heating rate was increased to 50~300 °C/s.
There is enough time for grains to nucleate and grow up, and the recrystallization area fraction reaches 63% at the holding time of 10 s.
It is observed that the number density of precipitates is large.
Although the number of 50~150 nm increases too, the total number of particles between 50~400 nm nearly stays the same with that at 50 °C/s.
Then the number of precipitates under 50 nm is the most.

The input layer has two nodes, respectively, deformation temperature and strain rate, the output layer also has two nodes, representing the recrystallized grain size and flow stress.
Literature[2] indicates that, the geometric mean can be used to select the processing unit the number of rules to the intermediate layer.
For the three networks, where the number of nerve cells between the hidden layer is selected by the following formula: （2） （3） In the formula, is the number of units in the hidden layer, is the number of units of the input layer, is the output layer unit, is the learning capacity of the sample, is a constant.
After the increase in the number of cells in the middle layer, network with fewer steps training can converge to a certain error range.
Figure 2 is the recrystallized grain size and the prediction error image training error.

It seems that more constraints, which limited the number of nucleation sites and the selection of γ orientations, were involved in the formation of γ from pearlite.
The raw data were cleaned up using the grain dilation procedure in OIM with grain tolerance angle of 5o and minimum grain size of 5 pixels.
The number of new γ nuclei is 14, 28 and 39 at the time 0s, 180s and 240s, respectively.
Nucleation of γ does not take place uniformly and the nuclei number is relatively small at 990K.
The γ grain coarsening also takes places, as the small γ grains are consumed by the growth of the bigger grain.

Introduction Due to an insufficient number of operative slip and twinning systems (only {0001}<110>basal slip and mechanical twinning), magnesium alloys exhibit a limited ductility and poor formability at room temperature.
There are various SRX mechanisms reported, such as grain boundary migration (GBM), grain boundary bulging (GLB), sub-grain rotation (SGR) and twining mechanism.
An obvious increasing the number of frequency of HAGBs with the increases of annealing temperature is shown in Fig. 2.
The strain-low grain (grain 1 in Fig. 4a, I) grows at the expense of the more strained grain (grain 2) causing the undulation of boundaries following by dislocations drunk in, and subsequently result in boundary of grain 1 bulging into grain 2 leaving a strain-free region behind the migrating boundary at the subsequent thermal assistance.
Therefore, there are diverse microstructural evolution mechanisms such as Grain Boundary Migration (GBM), grain boundary bulging (GLB), sub grain rotation (SGR).

The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV).
The hardness number is determined by the load over the surface area of the indentation and not the area normal to the force, and is therefore not a pressure.
There are generally accepted that the high thermal expansion anisotropy exhibited by alumina causes stresses across the grain boundaries with increasing grain size and promote grain boundary micro cracking [15-16].
The smaller grain sizes and microwave radiation enhances energy distributions produces more thermal mismatch at the grains and grain-grain boundary interface may responsible.
Freiman, Grain-Size Dependence of Fracture Energy in Ceramics, J.