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The measurement techniques include variable-temperature PL, spectroscopic EL, spectrally-filtered EL imaging, and EBIC imaging.
The peak energy is different from the value of 2.8 eV reported by Galeckas et al. [3], but closely matches that of the better-defined peak observed by Sridhara et al. [4].
observed in both PL and EL measurements, as shown in Fig. 1 for the EL case.
It becomes submerged under Al acceptor-related features from the p+ layer in EL measurements at lower temperatures.
A peak at 2.93 eV is related to the formation of SFs using room temperature EL spectroscopy and spectrally-filtered EL imaging.

The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.
Based on research conducted by Kim et al. [1], in situ transesterification process of microalgae using ethanol as reactant and solvent, chloroform as co-solvent and H2SO4 as catalyst can produce biodiesel and chemicals such as EL, ethyl format (EF) and diethyl ether (DEE).
The yield of FAEE and EL were determined as the weight ratio of FAEE and EL to that of FAEE maximum (obtained from acid-catalysis according to Zullaikah et al., 2005 [13]) based on eq. 1 and 2.
(g)} × 100 Eq. 1 EL yield (%) = {crude FAEE (g) × EL content (%)}/ {FAEE max.
This condition can also be explained by the abundance of water content in in-situ transesterification (>80%) which will inhibit glucose dehydration process into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (Im et al, 2015), where the HMF formed will be dehydrated to become levulinic acid.

[9] El‐Khatib, K.
O., El‐Moneim, A.
[10] El-Moneim, A.
F., & El-Moneim, A.
[14] Nasser AH, El-Naggar H, El-Bery H, Basha I and Abdelmoneim A: RSC Adv. 2018; 8(74): 42415–23

The devices were made of ITO/ m-MTDATA (40 nm)/ NPB (10 nm) /DPVBi (8 nm)/ CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% 5nm/ Alq (50 nm )/ LiF (1 nm) / Al (200 nm).
ITO LiF/Al 5.8 3.0 3.0 6.3 3.2 5.8 5.4 2.4 5.1 2.0 m-MTDATA NPB Alq DPVBi CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% (a) (b) LiF(1nm)/Al(200nm) CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% (5 nm) Alq(50 nm) DPVBi(8 nm) NPB(10nm) m-MTDATA(40 nm) ITO Fig.1.
The devices show a lower EL onset voltage (~3 V) with the doping concentration from 1% to 3%, but when the doping concentration reaches 4%, the EL onset voltage exceeds 3V.
The EL efficiency is hardly changed from 3.00mA/cm2 to 500mA/cm2.
The EL spectra of the device structure are a sum of three individual EL spectra.

QD-LEDs were fabricated using ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdSe/Al, ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdS/Al and ITO/TPD: PMMA/ZnS/Al QDs devices which synthesized by phase segregation method.
The hybrid junction devices (EL devices) were characterized by room temperature PL and electroluminescence (EL).
The figure shows the structure of (CdSe, CdS and ZnS) QDs EL device.
The I-V characteristics of the hybrid junction devices obtained using the ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdSe/Al, ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdS/Al and ITO/TPD: PMMA/ZnS/Al.
Fig. 3: I-V forward characteristics of the hybrid EL devices.

Leung et al. concluded that controlling an individual engine operating parameter cannot acquire satisfactory results on optimizing biodiesel engine emission, and multi-parameter adjustment is required for reducing PAH, NOx and PM emissions [4].
Table 1, EL-12, Lethicin, CPC and STAB have acceptable EA and/or ES.
As shown in Table 2, we found that EL-12 and Lethicin made the best combination.
And when EL-12 and Lethicin were mixed at the proportion of 2:1, the biodiesel emulsion was the most stable one.
The solution was then added to biodiesel with EL-12 and Lethicin.

[3] El-R.S.
El-Moslamy, E.M.
El-Fakharany, A.
Al-Ashwal: Sci.
El-Newehy and X.

[11] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, American Ceramic Society Book Series, WEILY Publisher, 2010
[12] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, Advances in Applied Plasma Science,Vol. 7, Hampurg, Germeny, 2009
[13] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, Kobayashi Akira, J. of Transactions of JWRI, Vol. 38, No.2, 2010
El-Sheikhy, Int.
El-Sheikhy, N.

Efficient organic electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in 1987 by the researchers at Kodak[3].
We have reported the pyridine-containing compounds as electron-transporting materials for organic EL materials[13-15].
The configuration of ITO/α-NPD(50nm)/ (Alq)(30nm) /Compounds(1)-(6)(30 nm)/ LiF(0.5 nm)/Al(100 nm).
This suggests that electrons are injected from the Al cathode to the TMCD layer and then to the Alq emitter layer.
Vol. 15(2004), p.302 [16]Li YJ, Sasabe H, Su SJ, et al.

[3] H Tamaki, Z J Zhong, N Matsumoto, et al: J Am Chem Soc, 1992, 114, 6974
[5] Qing Lin, Chenglong Lei, Hui Zhang, et al.
[6] C Mathoniere, C J Nutall, S G Carling, et al: Inorg Chem, 1995, 35, 1201
[8] C Mathonière, S G Carling, Y S Dou, et al: J Chem Soc, Chem Commun, 1994, 1551
Pellegrin, et al.Nature (London) 396 (1998) 441