Search results

Based on research conducted by Kim et al. [1], in situ transesterification process of microalgae using ethanol as reactant and solvent, chloroform as co-solvent and H2SO4 as catalyst can produce biodiesel and chemicals such as EL, ethyl format (EF) and diethyl ether (DEE).
While research conducted by Zullaikah et al. [7], production of biodiesel and glucose from rice bran using CO2 pressurised gas as a substitute of catalyst to acidify the mixture of water and methanol can produce biodiesel and glucose with maximum yield of 67.4% and 1 g/L, respectively.
(g)} × 100 Eq. 1 EL yield (%) = {crude FAEE (g) × EL content (%)}/ {FAEE max.
EL content and EL yield tended to increase with increasing ethanol concentration.
This is due to excess of water during the process inhibited glucose dehydration process into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (Im et al, 2015), and HMF formed will be dehydrated further into levulinic acid.

The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.
Based on research conducted by Kim et al. [1], in situ transesterification process of microalgae using ethanol as reactant and solvent, chloroform as co-solvent and H2SO4 as catalyst can produce biodiesel and chemicals such as EL, ethyl format (EF) and diethyl ether (DEE).
The yield of FAEE and EL were determined as the weight ratio of FAEE and EL to that of FAEE maximum (obtained from acid-catalysis according to Zullaikah et al., 2005 [13]) based on eq. 1 and 2.
(g)} × 100 Eq. 1 EL yield (%) = {crude FAEE (g) × EL content (%)}/ {FAEE max.
This condition can also be explained by the abundance of water content in in-situ transesterification (>80%) which will inhibit glucose dehydration process into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (Im et al, 2015), where the HMF formed will be dehydrated to become levulinic acid.

QD-LEDs were fabricated using ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdSe/Al, ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdS/Al and ITO/TPD: PMMA/ZnS/Al QDs devices which synthesized by phase segregation method.
The hybrid junction devices (EL devices) were characterized by room temperature PL and electroluminescence (EL).
The figure shows the structure of (CdSe, CdS and ZnS) QDs EL device.
The I-V characteristics of the hybrid junction devices obtained using the ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdSe/Al, ITO/TPD: PMMA/CdS/Al and ITO/TPD: PMMA/ZnS/Al.
Fig. 3: I-V forward characteristics of the hybrid EL devices.

The devices were made of ITO/ m-MTDATA (40 nm)/ NPB (10 nm) /DPVBi (8 nm)/ CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% 5nm/ Alq (50 nm )/ LiF (1 nm) / Al (200 nm).
ITO LiF/Al 5.8 3.0 3.0 6.3 3.2 5.8 5.4 2.4 5.1 2.0 m-MTDATA NPB Alq DPVBi CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% (a) (b) LiF(1nm)/Al(200nm) CBP: Ir(piq)2(acac) x% (5 nm) Alq(50 nm) DPVBi(8 nm) NPB(10nm) m-MTDATA(40 nm) ITO Fig.1.
The devices show a lower EL onset voltage (~3 V) with the doping concentration from 1% to 3%, but when the doping concentration reaches 4%, the EL onset voltage exceeds 3V.
The EL efficiency is hardly changed from 3.00mA/cm2 to 500mA/cm2.
The EL spectra of the device structure are a sum of three individual EL spectra.

[3] El-R.S.
El-Moslamy, E.M.
El-Fakharany, A.
Al-Ashwal: Sci.
El-Newehy and X.

Leung et al. concluded that controlling an individual engine operating parameter cannot acquire satisfactory results on optimizing biodiesel engine emission, and multi-parameter adjustment is required for reducing PAH, NOx and PM emissions [4].
Table 1, EL-12, Lethicin, CPC and STAB have acceptable EA and/or ES.
As shown in Table 2, we found that EL-12 and Lethicin made the best combination.
And when EL-12 and Lethicin were mixed at the proportion of 2:1, the biodiesel emulsion was the most stable one.
The solution was then added to biodiesel with EL-12 and Lethicin.

[11] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, American Ceramic Society Book Series, WEILY Publisher, 2010
[12] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, Advances in Applied Plasma Science,Vol. 7, Hampurg, Germeny, 2009
[13] Refat El-Sheikhy, Mosleh Al-Shamrani, Kobayashi Akira, J. of Transactions of JWRI, Vol. 38, No.2, 2010
El-Sheikhy, Int.
El-Sheikhy, N.

[3] H Tamaki, Z J Zhong, N Matsumoto, et al: J Am Chem Soc, 1992, 114, 6974
[5] Qing Lin, Chenglong Lei, Hui Zhang, et al.
[6] C Mathoniere, C J Nutall, S G Carling, et al: Inorg Chem, 1995, 35, 1201
[8] C Mathonière, S G Carling, Y S Dou, et al: J Chem Soc, Chem Commun, 1994, 1551
Pellegrin, et al.Nature (London) 396 (1998) 441

Dynamical study of a structure: The case of Al Hoceima’s earthquake / Morocco EL GHOULBZOURI Abdelouafi 1,a, EL ALAMI Zakaria 1, b , El HANNOUDI Sabrine1,c, EL YOUBI Mohamed Salaheddine1,d 1 National School of Applied Sciences of Al Hoceima, Civil engineering Dept., BP 03, Ajdir Al Hoceima, Morocco b e.abdelouafi@hotmail.fr , a elalami.gc@gmail.com ,c sabrina.elhnd@gmail.com, dmselyoubi@yahoo.fr Key words: Accelerogram – Displacement – Dynamic of structure – eigenmodes – Station – structure.
This article will analyze the behavior of a frame structure sized without seismic design, this frame will be exposed to accelerograms of Al Hoceima’s earthquake recorded in several Spanish stations, and then the maximum displacement will be evaluated.
In our case the excitation f (t) is represented by the accelerogram representing the Al Hoceima earthquake.
The dynamic analysis will be performed three times by varying the recording station of Al-Hoceima’s earthquake, and then results will be discussed.[4] Characteristics of the studied frame Geometrical characteristics and reinforcement of the frame.
The use of accelerographs installed in the stations of Malaga, Almeria and Granada and the software SAP2000 allows obtaining the graphs of accelerograms of Al Hoceima’s earthquake recorded in different Spanish stations. [6] The accelerogram represents the variation of the earthquake acceleration versus time.

Samarth et al. [22] have studied the composition (x) dependence of the fundamental gap of ZnxCd1−xSe based on the reflection spectroscopy.
Electroluminescence (EL) Study 6.1.
Construction of EL cell, EL measurement setup for V-B & V-I characteristics, and for EL spectra measurement are shown in figures 6 (a), (b) and (c), respectively.
Similar results have been obtained by Tekchandani et al. [32] from mercaptoacetic acid capped CdSe nanocrystals, they have proposed that this nature of frequency dependence of EL brightness may be due to emptying and detrapping of EL centers more rapidly with increase in frequency. 6.4.
Al-Douri, The Pressure Effect of the Bulk Modulus Seen by the Charge Density in CdxCompounds, Materials Chemistry and Physics 78 (2003) 625-629