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Average chemistries of coal and petcoke, and specific chemistry of douglas fir and switchgrass biomass are listed in Table 1, with elements of Si, Ca, Fe, and V of most concern.
Table 1 - Average coal [3], average petcoke [4-6], and biomass (switch grass and douglas fir) [7] ash chemistry.
One that has proven successful in the steel industry is the inclusion of carbon in the porous structure of a refractory.
The refractory oxide has resistance to metal, and can have variable resistance to slag dissolution, depending on slag chemistry.
The goal of carbon in the porous structure of gasification refractories is to limit the penetration of slag into the porous structure of the refractory material and reduce slag corrosion of oxide grain into the slag.

Introduction Nanotechnology refers to one of advances in material science and engineering that at recent has been rapidly developing coincided with the development of knowledge and understanding of human in material chemistry and physics, advance in management method and availability of modern equipments to conduct a research [1].
The unique form of nanostructure of ZnO shows that ZnO is the richest material in the family of nano material both in structure and in properties.
It is found from the graph that the sample of nanoparticles ZnO powder is on the peak of diffraction in the fields of [100], [002], and [101] with the Hexagonal Wurtzite structure.
It is in view of a good temperature and sintering time that make the nano of the sample of ZnO powder has an accurate structure in accordance with its form.
Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry.

Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites with pre-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as modifier Qiaofeng Guo2,a, Tan Wang2,b, Chunhua Han2,c, Dongyu Zhao1,2,d* 1 Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-effciency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China 2 School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China aguoqiaofeng00@yahoo.cn, bwt314177548@126.com, cchhan@yahoo.cn, dzhaodyu@yahoo.com.cn , Keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Nickel nanoparticles; Nanocomposite Abstract.
Introduction Carbon nanotubes are a promising material due to its unique structure and properties.
The two distinct diffraction peaks for graphitic structure at 2θ=25º and 43º corresponding to the hkl reflections (002) and (100), respectively.
These peaks indicate that even after oxidized by strong acid, the intact graphitic structure is still undestroyed.
Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes.

We give the principle and the structure of the system.
Principle and structure of the system Principle of the system.
Structure of the system.
Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase Chemistry, edited by S.D.
Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)

A rough and porous oxidation layer structure was formed on the surface of P92 after 200h.
The formation of the pores was related to the defect types presented in the magnetite structure.
The herpes structure was consisted of typical small oxide grains, the size of which was about 1-3.
The oxide layer of TP347HFG and HR3C are single layered structure.
Dooley: Cycle chemistry guidelines for fossil plants: Oxygenated Treatment (EPRI, 2005).

The porous structure of hydroxy-Al pillared montmorillonite is characterized as parallel plate slit or “house-of-cards” wedge-shaped pore which is formed by novel meso-microporous delaminated structure and fragments.
The calcination temperature, M/clay and OH/M ratios (M: metal), and aging period influence the chemical structure of pillared materials in particular[10-13].
The porous structure of clays was determined from the adsorption-desorption isotherm of N2 (77K) on a SSA-4300 equipment.
The porous structure of Al-pillared montmorillonite is characterized as parallel plate slit or “house-of-cards” wedge-shaped pore which is formed by novel meso-microporous delaminated structure and fragments.
Davies: Journal of Materials Chemistry Vol. 34(1993),P. 381-387 [8] S.

Vincent et al[2]. reported that Cd2+ exchange with Ca2+ just occurs in Ca(2)sites in the apatite structure.
That indicated Cd2+ ions embedding made the stability of hydroxyapatite crystals structure become worse.
Materials Chemistry and Physics. 113(2009)239~243
Crystal and chermal chemistry of cadmium calcium hydroxyapatite solid solution whiskers synthesized by solution method.
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics . 12(2010)15490~15500.

As is known, compounds of the quinoid structure are traps of alkyl radicals.
The nucleus of quinones is not aromatic, the contribution of resonant structures of the aromatic type to the properties of quinones is small.
Radiation chemistry of polymers / ed.
Radiation physics and chemistry of polymers / ed.
On some features of the radiation chemistry of polypropylene in the field of low doses // M.: Nauka. 1966. 268-271 p

Furthermore, the formation mechanism about the peculiar structure has been proposed in the paper.
Sano et al developed nanotube chemistry to assemble SWNTs into ring and star-shaped superstructures.[2,3] Moreover, Wang et al used nanopatterned affinity templates to form desired architectures by strongly attractions between SWNTs and carboxylic groups.[4] Cohen and Mahadevan employed the mesoscopic continuum theory to quantitatively investigate those filamentous structures.[5] These researches are commonly focused on the nanotubes with identical chemical properties, however, the supramolecular interactions between different kinds of modified SWNTs are not mentioned so far.
Although as-grown SWNTs often present various kinked structures in TEM observations, the special included angle of coupled SWNTs should not be ascribed to happenchance.
Schematic of the V-type structure originated from two coupled SWNTs.
The angular self-assembled coupling will lead to site-selective and orientation-designable interconnections of SWNTs, which can promote the self-adjusting “bottom-up” route to produce multifunctional CNTs structures and devices besides the micro-template fabrication techniques.

A Facile Method to Preparation of Amphiphilic Perylene Tetracarboxylic Diimide/ZnS Hybrid Nanocomposites and Improved Semiconducting Property Jingang Song1,a, Hongyan Wang1,b, Nianshuai An1,c, Yanli Chen*1,d 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China asongjingang1987@126.com, bchm_wanghy@ujn.edu.cn, cannianshuai@163.com, dchm_chenyl@ujn.edu.cn Keywords: HH-PDI, ZnS, nanocomposite, semiconducting property.
Among the methods for the preparation of nanomaterials, growing of inorganic structures directly on an organic template has recently emerged as a powerful technique [3].
Fig. 1 The molecular structure of HH-PDI.
Due to the special asymmetric molecular structure of HH-PDI, the value of d (2.92 nm) in the nanocomposites is actually the thickness of the bilayer (Fig.2).
Chen, Effects of metal–ligand coordination on the self-assembly behaviour of a crown ether functionalised perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, Supramolecular Chemistry 24, (2012), 851–858