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The constitutive model must be selected in numerical analysis, which expresses the relationship between stress and strain under external load, and is the empirical description of material mechanical characteristics.
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Ren, Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys, Progress in Materials Science, 2005, 50: 511 [2] Kim H Y, Ikehara Y, Kim J I, Hosoda H, Miyazaki S.
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Shape memory characteristics of Ti-22Nb-(2-8) Zr (at.%) biomedical alloys, Materials Science and engineering A [J], 2005, 403: 334 [11] Ye Wenjun, Mi Xujun, Song Xiaoyun.
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College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, China； 3.
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Materials Science and Engineering, A302 (2001) 37-45
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 117 (2001) 276-281
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 117 (2001) 381-385
Materials Science and Engineering, A293 (2000) 15-18
Materials Science and Engineering, A307 (2001) 119-128

Among various plastic packaging materials, polyethylene is the most extensively used because of its easy availability, process ability, flexibility and improved optical properties and seal strength.
Materials and methods Materials Commercial grade of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (LD-163; Melt flow index (MFI), 5 g/10 min; density, 0.941 g/cm3) from SINOPEC Anshan Chemical Corporation, Beijing, China were used as the base polymer.
Packaging Technology and Science, 2006, 19(5):259-268
LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2011, 44(10): 2316-2323
Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, 2008, 24: 239-251

Machining tests and material tests were conducted on the untreated and treated alloys.
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Chandrashekharaiah, Analysis of machining parameter and surface finish of Al - Si alloys with grain refiners and / or modifier, Materials Science Forum, ISSN: 1662-9752, Vols. 830-831, (2015) 91-94
M Ramesha, Tensile and Impact Properties Evaluation of Eutectic, Hypereutectic and Special Eutectic Aluminium Alloys under Various Heat Treated Conditions By Experimental Approach, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology © 2018 IJSRCSEIT | Volume 4 | Issue 5 | ISSN : 2456-3307
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series.

Bobet and Einstein (1998), Reyes and Einstein (1991), Shen (1993) and Tang (1998, 2001) and Wong et al. (2002) investigated crack propagation and coalescence on rock-like materials specimens containing two or three inclined flaws.
Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression, Int.
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Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flaws, Part 2: Numerical Approach, International Journal of Rock Mechanics& Mining Sciences, 38(7):925-939 [7] Wong, R.H., Tang, C.A., 2002.

The linear softening model and fracture energy Gf were used to describe the damage evolution of materials[11-12].
Acknowledgments The work described in this paper was fully supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 50808058) and Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No: 2010T0013-00).
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The different sources of energy dissipation in fiber-reinforced composites are the viscoelastic nature of the matrix and/or fibre materials, damping due to the interface, damping due to damage, viscoelastic damping, and thermo-elastic damping [1].
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Taylor, The toughening of cyanate-ester polymers - Part I - Physical modification using particles, fibres and woven-mats, Journal of Materials Science. 37 (2002) 433-460