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Online since: May 2012
Authors: Tao Wang, Zheng Yan Wang, Su Zhen Wang
This paper has designed a gyro dynamic data generator for simulation according to the gyro signal characteristics.The signal produced by the generator is specified as the gyro data and the optimal estimator for data fusion is designed by using the Kaman filter algorithm.The multi-segment data is analyzed and identified while the optimal data is estimated .The results show no matter how the correlation of the data is, the fusion data has attenuation of 10dB in noise, with its signal-to-noise ratio being enhanced more than 2 times at least.
At present, apart from improving the design and produce technique, the noise reduction processingt is an efficiency method to enhance the MEMS gyro precision[3,4,5].
Towards to the MEMS dynamic data, the optimal estimator for data fusion is designed by using the Kalman filter algorithm .The multi-segment data is analyzed and identified while the optimal data is estimated.
In order to adjust the collecting data , generator install the framing buffer to observe the data in different time.
In order to observe the energy and the frequency of the data, the data is transformed by FFT.
At present, apart from improving the design and produce technique, the noise reduction processingt is an efficiency method to enhance the MEMS gyro precision[3,4,5].
Towards to the MEMS dynamic data, the optimal estimator for data fusion is designed by using the Kalman filter algorithm .The multi-segment data is analyzed and identified while the optimal data is estimated.
In order to adjust the collecting data , generator install the framing buffer to observe the data in different time.
In order to observe the energy and the frequency of the data, the data is transformed by FFT.
Online since: January 2024
Authors: Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan, Bernd Noche, Muhammad Fahruriza Pradana
The data collection is to recognize and calculate the performance of FR.
The required weather data are maximum wind velocity and temperature.
Tolerance calculation Average Avg. error Result Temperature (°C) 27.95 7% 27.95 ± 7% Wind velocity (m/s) 4.63 43% 4.63 ± 43% Data Averaging and Tolerance Data averaging is variable in calculating the spin ratio and other FR calculations after collecting the wind velocity and temperature data.
The calculation will combine all the weather data from any station.
Moreover, the tolerance calculation estimates the error of the weather data.
The required weather data are maximum wind velocity and temperature.
Tolerance calculation Average Avg. error Result Temperature (°C) 27.95 7% 27.95 ± 7% Wind velocity (m/s) 4.63 43% 4.63 ± 43% Data Averaging and Tolerance Data averaging is variable in calculating the spin ratio and other FR calculations after collecting the wind velocity and temperature data.
The calculation will combine all the weather data from any station.
Moreover, the tolerance calculation estimates the error of the weather data.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Maria Kapustova
The main factor of plasticity for optimal warm temperature selection from examined temperature interval is value of reduction of area that was determined by tensile test.
On the basis of thermal course of plasticity characteristics (reduction of area Z, ductility A) we are able to observe reduction of area decline at the temperature 750 °C.
Fig. 3 Courses of graphic relations of parameters resulted from the tensile test For the purpose of optimal warm temperature selection from examined temperature interval the crucial indicator of steel 16MnCr5 plasticity is value of reduction of area Z.
As reduction of area Z achieves its maximum value at the temperature 700 °C, the same will be recommended as optimal temperature of steel 16MnCr5 for warm forming.
For starting a simulation of spur gear it is necessary to properly define the input data – these data were determined as follows: · process - closed die forging · material of billet DIN 17210 (1.7131) · material of the tool ASTM A 681 (H13) · temperature of billet 700 °C · temperature of the tool 250 °C Fig. 4 Closed die model and correct material flow in closed die cavity Computer simulation results of warm forging at the recommended temperature 700 °C describes fig. 4. where it is possible to see correct plastic flow and flawless filling of closed die cavity.
On the basis of thermal course of plasticity characteristics (reduction of area Z, ductility A) we are able to observe reduction of area decline at the temperature 750 °C.
Fig. 3 Courses of graphic relations of parameters resulted from the tensile test For the purpose of optimal warm temperature selection from examined temperature interval the crucial indicator of steel 16MnCr5 plasticity is value of reduction of area Z.
As reduction of area Z achieves its maximum value at the temperature 700 °C, the same will be recommended as optimal temperature of steel 16MnCr5 for warm forming.
For starting a simulation of spur gear it is necessary to properly define the input data – these data were determined as follows: · process - closed die forging · material of billet DIN 17210 (1.7131) · material of the tool ASTM A 681 (H13) · temperature of billet 700 °C · temperature of the tool 250 °C Fig. 4 Closed die model and correct material flow in closed die cavity Computer simulation results of warm forging at the recommended temperature 700 °C describes fig. 4. where it is possible to see correct plastic flow and flawless filling of closed die cavity.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Guang Jian Wang, Feng Xia Zhang, Guang Yan Liu, Xiao Na Liu
The crystalline phases were identified by the JCPDS data bank.
Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of samples prepared at reduction temperatures of 45 °C and 50 °C respectively.
These peaks, according to JCPDS data bank (06-0344), are the fingerprints of CuCl.
At the reduction temperature of 50 °C, the prepared CuCl powder starts to sinter (Fig. 2b).
When the reduction temperature is increased, the surface area and pore volumes become smaller.
Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of samples prepared at reduction temperatures of 45 °C and 50 °C respectively.
These peaks, according to JCPDS data bank (06-0344), are the fingerprints of CuCl.
At the reduction temperature of 50 °C, the prepared CuCl powder starts to sinter (Fig. 2b).
When the reduction temperature is increased, the surface area and pore volumes become smaller.
Online since: January 2015
Authors: Yury B. Lishmanov, Konstantin V. Zavadovsky, Nikolay G. Krivonogov
GBPS results suggest that the signs of right ventricular dysfunction in PE are: the reduction in its stroke volume, as well as reduction in the peak filling and ejection rate.
The state of the right ventricle was assessed using equilibrium GBPS data.
The results obtained agree with published data on the dissociation between the amount of vascular bed lesions in PE and the degree of the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance [10].
The consequence of prolonged increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is usually dilatation of the right heart compartments and reduction of its contractile function [6].
Conclusion Gated blood pool SPECT with radionuclide technetium 99m-labelled sodium diphosphate decahydrate reveals signs of right ventricular dysfunction (reduction of its stroke volume and peak ejection and filling rate) even with only a small amount of pulmonary hypoperfusion in patients with thromboembolism of pulmonary artery branches.
The state of the right ventricle was assessed using equilibrium GBPS data.
The results obtained agree with published data on the dissociation between the amount of vascular bed lesions in PE and the degree of the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance [10].
The consequence of prolonged increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is usually dilatation of the right heart compartments and reduction of its contractile function [6].
Conclusion Gated blood pool SPECT with radionuclide technetium 99m-labelled sodium diphosphate decahydrate reveals signs of right ventricular dysfunction (reduction of its stroke volume and peak ejection and filling rate) even with only a small amount of pulmonary hypoperfusion in patients with thromboembolism of pulmonary artery branches.
Online since: September 2019
Authors: Alexander V. Gradoboev, Ksenia N. Orlova, Anastasiia V. Simonova
The radiation dose was set by the exposure time, using the data on the activity of the installation at the time of the research.
Experimental Data Processing.
Note that in the graphical representation of the obtained experimental data, we do not provide confidence intervals, but only average values of the measured values.
Typical watt-ampere characteristic of the investigated LEDs in lg-lg coordinates: LC - low current region; HC is the area of high currents; symbols - experimental data; lines calculated by the formula (1), respectively; vertical arrow - boundary current between selected areas These results allow us to distinguish two characteristic regions of operating currents (the region of low currents — LC and the region of high currents — HC, Fig.3).
In more detail, this stage of power reduction is shown in Fig. 8.
Experimental Data Processing.
Note that in the graphical representation of the obtained experimental data, we do not provide confidence intervals, but only average values of the measured values.
Typical watt-ampere characteristic of the investigated LEDs in lg-lg coordinates: LC - low current region; HC is the area of high currents; symbols - experimental data; lines calculated by the formula (1), respectively; vertical arrow - boundary current between selected areas These results allow us to distinguish two characteristic regions of operating currents (the region of low currents — LC and the region of high currents — HC, Fig.3).
In more detail, this stage of power reduction is shown in Fig. 8.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Lu Cai, Wei Fei Huang, Ying Gang Shu, Sheng Liang Si
The sludge reduction in group W was determined by comparing the sludge weight of group W and group B, resulting in a gravimetric reduction of 53.8 %, indicating a good sludge reduction.
These data indicated the concentration of heavy metals in sludge (i.e. worm faece) rose notably after sludge reduction.
A new reactor concept for sludge reduction using aquatic worms.
Excess sludge reduction induced by Tubifex tubifex in a recycled sludge reactor.
Effect of Aeolosoma hemprichi on excess activated sludge reduction.
These data indicated the concentration of heavy metals in sludge (i.e. worm faece) rose notably after sludge reduction.
A new reactor concept for sludge reduction using aquatic worms.
Excess sludge reduction induced by Tubifex tubifex in a recycled sludge reactor.
Effect of Aeolosoma hemprichi on excess activated sludge reduction.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Zong Li Wang, Guo Dong Li
It is shown that the inner tensile stress of new concrete decreases with increasing of interface roughness, and increase restrained thickness of the new concrete, but it is not significant effect of interface roughness on the shrinkage at bonding surface; the shrinkage strain of section reduces with reduction of the distance of section to bonding surface and reaches minimum on bonding surface, which reflecte significant nonuniformity and increases gradually with age.
Strain data were collected by data acquisition system, sampling frequency was 1/h.
Conclusions can be draw from Fig.2 that the shrinkage strain at each testing section decreasing with reduction of the distance of testing section to bonding interface and reaching minimum at bonding interface, which is the distribution of internal strain in new concrete slab restrained by old concrete slab.
The shrinkage strain of testing section reduces with reduction of the distance of testing section to bonding interface and reaches minimum at bonding interface, that is, the shrinkage strain reflects prominent inhomogeneity and increases gradually with concrete age, which was one of the main factors leading to increasing of internal tensile stress of the concrete.
Strain data were collected by data acquisition system, sampling frequency was 1/h.
Conclusions can be draw from Fig.2 that the shrinkage strain at each testing section decreasing with reduction of the distance of testing section to bonding interface and reaching minimum at bonding interface, which is the distribution of internal strain in new concrete slab restrained by old concrete slab.
The shrinkage strain of testing section reduces with reduction of the distance of testing section to bonding interface and reaches minimum at bonding interface, that is, the shrinkage strain reflects prominent inhomogeneity and increases gradually with concrete age, which was one of the main factors leading to increasing of internal tensile stress of the concrete.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Dmitry Orlov, Viktor Varyukhin, Alexey Reshetov, Alexander Korshunov, Irina Korotchenkova, Irina Vedernikova, Lev Polyakov, Sergey Synkov, Alexandr Synkov, Yan Beygelzimer
These undoubtedly
important data make it possible to estimate the efficiency of the SPD processing, but do not show
the distribution of mechanical properties across the billets.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 2 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; Fig. 4 shows that on the billet cross-section after two TE passes location of the maximum ductility strictly corresponds to the location of the minimum strength.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 4 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; The mechanical properties variation perpendicular to the extrusion axis is shown in Figs 6 and 7
Tensile tests data on mechanical properties in transverse direction in Cu billet after 2 TE passes: (a) - direction parallel to Z axes; (b) - direction parallel to Y axes; -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 YS UTS YS and UTS, MPa Y Axis, mm Elongation Reduction in Area Elongation and Reductionin in Area, % YS: Mean 405.6 MPa; Range 16 MPa; UTS: Mean 414.8 MPa; Range 17 MPa; Elongation: Mean 10.2 %; Range 1.7 %; Reduction in area: Mean 72.6 %; Range 10.4 %
The comparison is based on data reported in [16], where authors used the same material and tests conditions.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 2 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; Fig. 4 shows that on the billet cross-section after two TE passes location of the maximum ductility strictly corresponds to the location of the minimum strength.
Tensile test data on the variation of mechanical properties on the Cu billet cross-section after 4 TE passes: (a) - Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa; (b) - Yield Strength, MPa; (c) - Elongation to Failure, %; (d) - Reduction in area, %; The mechanical properties variation perpendicular to the extrusion axis is shown in Figs 6 and 7
Tensile tests data on mechanical properties in transverse direction in Cu billet after 2 TE passes: (a) - direction parallel to Z axes; (b) - direction parallel to Y axes; -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 YS UTS YS and UTS, MPa Y Axis, mm Elongation Reduction in Area Elongation and Reductionin in Area, % YS: Mean 405.6 MPa; Range 16 MPa; UTS: Mean 414.8 MPa; Range 17 MPa; Elongation: Mean 10.2 %; Range 1.7 %; Reduction in area: Mean 72.6 %; Range 10.4 %
The comparison is based on data reported in [16], where authors used the same material and tests conditions.
Online since: December 2010
Authors: Yin Hu Qiao, Chun Yan Zhang, Jie Ping Chen
Weight reduction at wheels is important due to its unsprung mass and the associated reduction of fuel consumption and the better ride-and-handling comfort.
Especially in the front of the car, a weight reduction is necessary to ease the critical mass distribution at the front axle and therefore increase driving safety.
Final product Back to modify Fig.2 Flow chart of metal liquid simulation The procedure includes: open pre-processing module (anyPRE), imported in CATIA have built a 3D model of STL files, setting the casting parameters, and set the simulation end condition, then save the file as *. gsc format, Start anySOLVER calculation, and finally open the results analysis module anyPOST, to observe the results, including process data, simple contraction and micro-structure prediction three parts, process analysis specifically with filling time, solidification time, filling the order, solidification order, the order of gas volume.
Fig.3 Simulation results of process data Fig.4 Simulation results of simple shrink Fig.5 Simulation results of microstructure prediction Summary This research concentrated on development of the process method for automobile parts and prediction of the optimal casting conditions that were applied to the casting of an actual product shape.
Especially in the front of the car, a weight reduction is necessary to ease the critical mass distribution at the front axle and therefore increase driving safety.
Final product Back to modify Fig.2 Flow chart of metal liquid simulation The procedure includes: open pre-processing module (anyPRE), imported in CATIA have built a 3D model of STL files, setting the casting parameters, and set the simulation end condition, then save the file as *. gsc format, Start anySOLVER calculation, and finally open the results analysis module anyPOST, to observe the results, including process data, simple contraction and micro-structure prediction three parts, process analysis specifically with filling time, solidification time, filling the order, solidification order, the order of gas volume.
Fig.3 Simulation results of process data Fig.4 Simulation results of simple shrink Fig.5 Simulation results of microstructure prediction Summary This research concentrated on development of the process method for automobile parts and prediction of the optimal casting conditions that were applied to the casting of an actual product shape.