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The lattice parameters of HAp phase in the bulk region were a = 0.942 nm and c = 0.688 nm, whose values were in good agreement with those of the JCPDS card (9-432).
Based on these results, it is considered that the specified pore structure of the fg-HAp ceramics permits body fluid to permeate the parts of a living body where it is used because of the number of graded micro-pores with nano-order.

The X-ray diffraction results of the synthesized β-SiC powder show mainly the diffraction peaks near 35°, 60° and 73°, which correspond to the β-SiC phase in the JCPDS card number 29-1129. β-SiC powder was synthesized from 1600 °C, and the crystallinity increased with increasing temperature.

The diffraction peak of all samples is in conformity to the standard card of orthorhombic InVO4 (JCPDS 48-0898), indicating that all the prepared photocatalysts possessed the same crystal structure.
Among the prepared samples, Fe2O3/InVO4 sample showed the strongest absorption, which may enhance the photoactivity through increasing the number of photogenerated electrons and holes to participate in the photocatalytic reaction.

Except the weak (121) peak (attributed to brookite), all of the other diffraction peaks can be indexed to tetragonal anatase TiO2 (JCPDS card no. 04-0477, space group I41/amd (141), and cell a=3.785 Å, c=9.514 Å).
The higher number of active sites could contribute to its higher photocatalytic activity.

There have been a number of reports demonstrating the achievements in wet chemically preparing the LaAlO3 nanoparticles through kinds of approaches such as sol-gel [6,7], co-precipitation [8], and reverse microemulsion process at low temperature [9].
The XRD patterns are in good agreement with JCPDS card 31-0022.

These values are almost consistent with those reported in the literature and with the standard powder diffraction file of BiVO4 (JCPDS card no. 23-0677).
With addition of 0.15 g sodium citrate into the synthesis solution, the obtained sample with large number of sphere-like microstructures is observed in Fig. 2c.

As seen in Figure 3 that the prominent peaks of (100), (002), (101), (102) and (110) and other smaller diffraction peaks well correspond to the standard spectrum of wurtzite hexagonal ZnO structure (JCPDS card NO. 36-1451).
When surfactant PEG was added to the precursor solution, a large number of tiny Zn(OH)42− and ZnO nanoparticles embedded into PEG long-chain substrate and easily grew along the long chain of PEG.

The peaks observed in the XRD spectra are in close agreement with the standard JCPDS data file (card no. 29-0584).
However, this resulted in an increase of the number of grains on the surface of the film.

The characteristic peaks arise at 2θ=44.48°, 51.88°, 76.57° can be indexed to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of fcc Ni (JCPDS Card No. 04-0850).
This is because reflected electromagnetic wave can interfere with incident wave and totally are canceled if the absorber thickness is the odd number times of λ/4 [2].

Elemental Quantitative Analysis Data of Pure Calcium Fluoride NPs Sample number ICP analysis data.
Compared with the CaF2 standard card (JCPDS file No. 65-0535), the peaks generated by the NPs match well with the peak value of the calcium fluoride standard card, no other miscellaneous diffraction peaks appear, and no other miscellaneous phases exist.
The diffraction peaks of the samples can be assigned to CaF2 (JCPDS No. 65-0535) approximately.
However, compared with the standard card of pure CaF2, there is one more diffraction peak (200).
Because the Eu-doping results in a large number of F ions in the lattice gap, lattice defects increase as the reaction concentration increasing.