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The drilling forces and protrusion heights of diamond grains were measured.
The drilling forces also increased with the numbers of drilled holes due to the wear of diamond grits.
Finding a way to simplify machining process is one key to achieve cost-efficient grain machining.
Hole numbers (N) 2 4 6 8 10 Fz (N) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Forces for the first phase Forces for the second phase Fig.4 Cutting forces versus the number of holes The cutting forces variation with the holes numbers were shown in Fig. 4.
For the same diamond drill, the cutting force increased with the number of holes.

Grain Size Wire specimens were produced using different deposition methods and measured under XRD for their grain size.
Variation of grain sizes with pulse plating duty cycle.
Herzer [2] analyzed that in ferromagnetic materials with grain size, larger than the exchange interaction length, the magnetization can follow the easy magnetic directions in the single grains and domains can be formed within the grains.
As a consequence, the effective anisotropy for the magnetic behavior is an average over several grains, N K Ke 1 = (4) where Ke is the effective anisotropy and N is the number of grains included by the exchange interaction length, 3 )/( DLN ex= (5) where D is grain size.
At duty cycle 50%, the grain size was found to be the smallest.

To achieve this goal, we proposed a fine-grained access control model for smart grid.
The System Model of Smart Grid The system of smart grid will use large numbers of networked sensors, power electronic devices, distributed electricity generators, and communication appliances act together in order to deliver the intelligent grid and maintain security and control, communications, energy efficiency, environmental integration and accessibility.
A Fine-grained Access Control Model In this work, we build the fine-grained access control model based on the traditional RBAC model, and using the same system components in our model.
Fig.3: A Fine-Grained Access Control Model based Access-trust-degree and Rights be Used Frequency In this model, when user want to access to the smart grid, he will sent the request to the data control platform at fist, then his access-trust-degree will be calculated by data control platform.
Summary In this paper, we proposed a fine-grained access control model based on the algorithm of access-trust-degree.

It is clear that the material has recrystallized discontinuously in space; the new recrystallized grains decorate the prior grain boundaries.
A number of Mg alloys are examined to see if they meet the criterion. 50 µm 50 µm Figure 1.
To evaluate the expression given in Equation 7, we require values for grain boundary mobility.
Data from a number of materials according to Equation 7 (data from [17-22]).
A number of magnesium alloys are shown to satisfy this criterion.

Recently, it has been utilized as an efficient way of grain size refinement down to nanometer scale.
Introduction Among microstructural parameters which are relevant to the material properties one can distinguish: grain size, grain boundaries, dislocations and second phase particles.
The effect of these microstructural elements is utilized in a number of technologies employed to improve properties of materials, in particular metals.
On laboratory scale, there are a number of methods allowing for nano-refinement.
Up to now, microstructure description in this context was focused on the grain size and high angle grain boundaries.

The final solidification structure often appears coarse grains, large numbers of flaw and grievous internal stress, so it is not suitable for conventional casting [2].
As a result, the effective nucleation number was increased; ultimately, cast structure was refined [6-7].
The crystal structure similarity is the major reasons for grain refinement.
Moreover, aluminum alloy melt with Sc generate abundant number of Al3(Sc, Zr) particles, these particles have important roles to play in grain refining.
Use squeeze casting could refine grains and reduce defect. 2.

Study on Wet Picking/Wet Repellence at the Grain Direction of Offset Paper Yonggang Yang Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China yangyonggang11@yeah.net Keywords: wet picking; wet repellence; felt side; grain direction; offset paper Abstract: The wet picking and wet repellence of offset papers were studied using IGT-gst2 printability tester according to change printing conditions as printing speed and the amount of fountain solutions.
The wet picking and wet repellence measurements were respectively carried out on the felt side and at the machine (grain) direction of the 3 paper samples.
In addition, wet repellence along the paper fibers (grain direction) was lower than that in cross section on the felt side of the offset paper because the direction of grains was that of the majority fibers aligning together tightly [10].
If wet picking occurred, the strength confinement of a single fiber must be overcome and the strength of a single fiber was usually greater than the strength of the bonding force between the fibers, so that wet repellence along the paper fibers (grain direction) was lower than that in cross section on the felt side of the offset paper.
Acknowledgements This work was financed by the Beijing excellent talent fostering foundation (Grant number: 2010D005004000004) and the general program of science and technology development project of Beijing municipal education commission (Grant number: KM201110015002).

Thus, it is expected that a magnetic field will control the orientation of nc-grains.
On the other hand, there were two peaks in the grain size distribution of the specimen crystallized with a 6T magnetic field, and the peak in the grain size distribution at larger grain sizes was composed of {110} grains.
The TEM micrographs reveal that the number density of nucleated grains in the sample seems to be higher with the magnetic field than without the magnetic field.
rate, the number density of nuclei per unit volume was measured on the TEM micrographs as a function of annealing time, as shown in Fig.3.
There was a good linear correlation between the natural logarithm of the number density and annealing time, and therefore the nucleation rate of grains nN& could be expressed as: ( )btaN expn=&

Fig. 1: TKE profiles for different Reynolds numbers Reτ.
Fig. 2: TKE profiles for different Reynolds numbers Reτ.
Fig. 4: Eddy viscosity profiles for different Reynolds numbers Reτ.
Analysis of Turbulent Schmidt Number Two-fluid approach.
This could be related to grain size of test 1.

Recently, due to increasing interest in nanosized systems a number of works in which appreciable changes of structural phase transition characteristics such as temperature and latent heat upon decreasing grain size have been reported experimentally [7-8].
Let us qualitatively estimate the effect of the mean-field reducing suggesting the concentration of JT - centres is diminished on the value that is linearly proportional to the volume of surface layer: ( )R�� JTJT /31 δ−= ∞ , where δ is an effective width of this layer, R is a grain radius, ∞JT� is a number of JT-ions per unit volume of the macroscopic-size crystallite.
The characteristic dependence of the JT deformation value upon the grain size is depicted in Fig. 2.
The latter results in changes of the orbital state of JT-ions and, as a consequence, in a decrease of their number in the sublattice where the ions have orbital degeneration.
On increasing the activation (and, consequently, on decreasing grain size) the number of ions in 'outlaw' positions has to be increased.