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Fig.1 Structure of a spherical inhomogeneity of radius with functionally graded interphase zone of thickness h.
Maier, Calculations of the effective diffusion coefficient for inhomogeneous media, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 63 (2002) 449-456 [4] I.V.
Murch, Diffusion in nanocrystalline materials, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 64 (2003) 873–878 [5] Youxue Zhang, Liping Liu, On Diffusion in Heterogeneous Media, American Journal of Science, 312 (2012) 1028–1047 [6] Sevostianov, I. and Kachanov, M.
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44 (2007) 1304-1315
Effective elastic moduli of composites reinforced by particle or fiber with an inhomogeneous interface, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40 (2003)1393-1409

Thus, a HAp coating with homogeneity of chemistry and phase can be readily achieved.
The HAp crystals structure exhibited a needle like appearance and highly oriented.
As we know, the natural bone is mainly consisted of hydroxyapatite with needle-like structure, so preparing the needle-like HAp has been focused in this field in order to achieve the maximum mimesis and bioactivity.
It is noted that the HAp with porous morphology exhibited better capability for promoting cell proliferation than that of needle-like structure.
The surface morphologies of HAp on cellular (MG63) adhesion and proliferation were examined, and the results showed that porous structure presented a better environment for cell adhesion and proliferation.

Although various experimental investigations have been proposed for studying the structures and properties of cellulose at the molecular level, the properties of amorphous cellulose has been relatively rare while the structures and properties of crystalline cellulose has been considered solved by many years.
Computer simulations of crystal structures and elastic properties of cellulose. 1996,100(8): 1350-1354
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2001, 105(41): 9396-9409
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2003, 107(19): 3803-3811
Detailed molecular structure of a vinyl polymer glass.

Preparation and characterization of highly monodisperse vinyl functionalized silica spheres by sol-gel method Zhongming Zhang1 *, Lianxi Chen1 , Jie Li1,and Caibin Jiao1 1Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China * ming198901@163.com Keywords: Monodisperse; vinyl functionalized silica spheres; sol-gel.
The morphologies and structure were determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR).
Experimental Section Reagents Vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES, 97%) was obtained from Aladdir Chemistry Co.
The chemical structure of silica particles possessing vinyl groups was identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, as shown in Fig.1.The bands at 2959, 3024 and 3062 cm-1 correspond to asymmetrical and symmetrical C-H stretching vibrations of vinyl groups (-CH=CH2).

Polyaniline (PANI) has received considerable attention in recent years due to its straightforward polymerization, chemical stability, and reversible acid/base doping/dedoping chemistry [2-6] As a new technique, the self-assemble technique has been used to fabricate ordered structural materials [7].
In solution, surfactant’ self-assembly has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally, in part because of the importance of such ordered templates in the synthesis of nano/micro materials with controlled structure [8].
JEM-100SX transmission electron microscope (TEM, Japan), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), FT-IR, and SDY-4 four-point probe (China) techniques were used to characterize the morphologies, composition, structure, and conductivity of the samples.
In Fig.3b and Fig.4a, the morphology of CTAB/Fe3+/PANI nanomaterial changed from particle to fibrous structure while from Fig.3c and Fig.4b, it could be found that the morphology of SDS/Fe3+/PANI nanomaterial changed from branch-like to nanoparticles structure when the concentration of FeCl3 increased from 0.01 to 0.04 M.
This phenomenon indicated that in the aqueous phase, a moderate concentration of PANI nucleus was needed for directing growth of PANI molecules to form PANI nanomaterials with fibrous and branch-like structures.

Structure of the triblock copolymer Synthesis of ABC-type triblock copolymer.
The chemical structure and molecular weight were confirmed by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), as shown in Scheme 1.
By these core-shell structures linking each other, worm-like aggregates were obtained, as shown in Fig. 1.
Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase Chemistry, edited by S.D.
Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)

Arpac2 1 Sisecam Research Center, 34020, Topkapi - ISTANBUL/TURKEY 2 Akdeniz University, Chemistry Dept., 07058, ANTALYA/TURKEY Keywords: sol-gel method, hybrid nanocomposite material, TGA Abstract .
The use of organosilanes as starting materials represents one means to combine inorganic with organic structures as well as a route to the formation of chelates.
Between 350 o C and 950 o C, the weight loss is attributed to the condensation of Si-OH and Al-OH to form Si-O-Si, Al-O-Al or Si-O-Al structures.
Consequently, it can be said that, the hybrid product contained 60% organic and 40% inorganic structures.
Brinker, W.Scherer: Sol-Gel Science, The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel processing (Academic Press, U.S.A 1990)

Effects of Modification on Structure and Properties of Ramie Fiber/Polypropylene Composites Wen Lei1, a and Xiao-ming Jin1,b College of Science,Nanjing Forestry University,nanjing210037,China aleiwen67@163.com,bleiwen@njfu.com.cn Keywords: ramie fiber,polypropylene,composite,modification,structure,property Abstract.
Ramie fiber and polypropylene were used as raw materials,ramie fiber/polypropylene composites were prepared by compression molding process,the effects of treating the ramie fiber with silane coupling agent and compatibilizing the composite with maleic anhydride gafted polypropylene(MAPP) on the structure, melting and mechanical properties of the composites were studied，the effects of immersion time in water on the mechanical properties of the composites were also investigated.The results show that,both the modification with coupling agent and by means of compatibilizing agent can strengthen the interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix in the composite,and also improve its thermal stability.All the modified composites have greater strengths and moduli than the unmodified ones when immersed in water for any periods,especially the impact strength of the MAPP compatibilized composite not only increases with immersion time in water dramatically,but also is improved from that of the
Results and Discussion Effects of modifications on structures FTIR spectra of different composites are shown in Fig.1,it can be 1――RPP 2――CRPP 3――MRPP Fig.1 FTIR spectra of different composites seen that,there appears a wide and strong absorption band between 3400~3200cm-1 in the FTIR of RPP,which may arise from the vibration of much hydroxyl on the surface of fiber;For CRPP and MRPP,the absorption becomes weaker,the main reason may be due to the reaction of Si-OH in KH570 with the hydroxyl group in the fiber,the amount of the group thus decreases;similarly,when MAPP is used,the reaction between fiber and MAPP as shown in Fig.2 also cuts down the amount of hydroxyl group,in these two situations,the bond between fiber and matrix can be both improved.
The water uptake of a material has relationship with its structure and properties,some researches have focused on the water absorption of natural fiber/polymer composites[4-5].
References [1] C Arup: Materials Science and Engineering: Part A,491(2008),p.492 [2] C K Hong.I Hwang, N Kim, et al:Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,14(2008),p.71 [3] F Corrales,F Vilaseca,M Llop,et al:Journal of Hazardous Materials,144(2007),p.730 [4] H N Dhakal, Z Y Zhang, M O W Richardson:Composites Science and Technology,67(2007),p. 1674 [5] A Espert,F Vilaplana,S Karlsson:Composites,Part A,35(2004),p.1267 [6] A C Karmaker:Journal of Materials Science Letters,16(1997),p.462

The bixbyite structure ITO was obtained [7].
XRD patterns of ITO calcined at 475 ℃ indicated the crystalline peaks of the bixbyite structure and the corundum structure ITO.
It showed a transition state from the bixbyite structure to the corundum structure.
Inorganic Chemistry Communications.
Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry.

Sensors measuring ~1 µm diameter or more can be patterned for further employment in molecularly imprinted polymer structures.
Ink-jet printing is a versatile technique that has been widely used for the non-contact writing of two dimensional features and less widely but increasingly, for three-dimensional structures.
Citterio, "Inkjet-printed microfluidic multianalyte chemical sensing paper," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 80, pp. 6928-6934, 2008
Cho, "A glucose sensor fabricated by piezoelectric inkjet printing of conducting polymers and bienzymes," Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, vol. 27, p. 375, 2011