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Preparation of Sandwich Bipolar Membrane and Its Photocatalytic Properties Qiaoping Chen1, Shuang Chen2, Riyao Chen2, Hongfang Xie1 and Zhen Chen1,2,a 1 Chemistry Department of Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, P.
China 2 College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P.
They suggested that heavy metal ions stayed in the interlayer in an appropriate form and structure.
In this paper, nano-TiO2/photosensitive agent 8-hydroxyquinoline[19] was utilized to modify the interlayer structure of the BPM to increase the efficiency of water splitting under UV irradiation.
Chen, Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2009, 25(4):663-667(in Chinese)

Since combustion synthesis is based on the use of the heat released by the exothermic reactions after ignition to obtain a self-sustained reaction, the combustion product with designated composition and structure can be thus obtained.
However, the combustion product synthesized while adding more KClO3 is denser/harder and still has no voids and layer structure.
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol 154(1) (2009), p238
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol 177(1)(2004), p471
Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol 18(1)(2008), p294

Research on Solvent Extraction Process of Coal for Direct Carbon Fuel Cells * Wenyan Bi1, Hong Yang1, Juan Miao1 ,Yugui Zhang2, Jianfeng Wan2 1School of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China 2Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Methane and Fire Prevention Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China {biwenyan & yhong& miaojuan}@hpu.edu.cn, {zyg&wanjianfeng}@hpu.edu.cn *Corresponding Author: Juan Miao, female, born in 1963, Professor.
Research direction: Applied Chemistry.
Samples come from original structure coal(Ⅰ) and tectonic coal(Ⅱ) in Pingdingshan 5th coal mine, original structure coal(Ⅲ)l and tectonic coal(Ⅳ) in Pingdingshan 8th coal mine.
Thus the molecular structure would not break and not aggregate.
[3] Zhang Daijun, Wang Fei, Li Xiaopen, Xian Xuefu, “Effect of solvent extraction on pore character and granularity of bituminous coal, ”Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 18-22, 2004

The effect of pretreatment on the corrosion resistance of superheater materials Juho Lehmustoa*, Patrik Yrjasb and Mikko Hupac Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Abo Akademi University Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland ajuho.lehmusto@abo.fi, bpatrik.yrjas@abo.fi, cmhupa@abo.fi Keywords: High temperature corrosion; Potassium chloride; Protective oxide layer; Superheater materials.
The pre-oxidation of the Nb-stabilized austenitic AISI347 steel resulted in a locally destroyed surface featuring bean-like structures bursting from beneath.
These structures were formed under both pre-oxidation conditions and contained high amounts of niobium, which suggests that the alloyed niobium plays a role in local degradation of AISI347.
Between these structures, more homogeneous oxidation occurred, forming a dual oxide, with the outermost layers consisting of an iron-rich oxide, followed by an inner, Cr-rich oxide.
Acknowledgements This work was carried out within FUSEC (2011-2014) project, as part of the activities of the Åbo Akademi Process Chemistry Centre.

Consolidants are liquids that are absorbed by the stone in which they then solidify and form a reinforcing structure.
In damaged stone, consolidants replace the original structures that were weathered.
On the other hand, if a gel shrinks appreciably, it may not adhere strongly to the internal structure of a stone being consolidated.
Tarasov, New Colloid Silicate Solutions for Restoration and Conservation of Stone Facades, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 74 (2001) 1985–1989
Scherer, Sol-Gel Science - The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, San Diego, Academic Press, 1990

The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125.1 (2020): 20-30
"Mesoporous structured MIPs@ CDs fluorescence sensor for highly sensitive detection of TNT." 
Chemistry of Materials 26.1 (2014): 72-83
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 742 (2015): 23-29
Tauc "Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous Ge and Si." 

Clathrate structure has been emerged as candidates for high effieciency thermoelectric materials for high temperature application.
Clathrates are known to have an open framework structure to allow the introduction of atoms that can vibrate inside the cage [3].
Zhou: Crystallography in Modern Chemistry (J.
Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 177, (2004), p. 1905 [8] S.
Solid State Chemistry Vol. 151, (2000), p. 61 [9] J.

Focused Microwave-assisted Extraction Versus Conventional Solvent Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Licorice Root SUN Chen, LIU Guang-yu, ZHAO Pei-xia (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China) Keywords: Microwave-Assisted Extraction.
Fig. 1 Structure of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) Experimental Materials and Reagents.
Fig.6(a) is a micrograph of the untreated licorice root, which has an intact structure and can be compared with morphology of the treated samples presented in Figs.6(b) and 6(c).
This observation suggested that microwave treatment affected the internal structure of the matrix.
Haswell: Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry (American Chemical Society Publications, Washington, D.C. 1997)

Synthesis of nanosized zirconium carbide (ZrC) by a polymeric precursor route Xueyu Tao1,a, Wenfeng Qiu2,b, Hao Li3,c 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China 2 Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 3 Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China ataoxueyu@iccas.ac.cn, bqiuwf@iccas.ac.cn, clihao306@iccas.ac.cn Keywords: Preceramics; Zirconium carbide; Zirconia; Soluble; Pyrolysis Abstract.
Introduction ZrC, as one of ultra-high temperature ceramics, combines the characteristic properties of metals and ceramics due to a mixture of ionic, covalent and metallic bonding presented simultaneously in its NaCl-type lattice structure [1].
Preceramic polymers represent an important interface between synthetic chemistry and materials science [14].
The XRD pattern is in agreement with the typical structure of ZrC diffraction (JCPDS No.35-0784).
SEM results (Fig. 4) indicated that the synthesized ZrC powders exhibited smooth morphology and the particle sizes distributed over 50~100 nm with cubic structure, but a few agglomerations appeared.

Mono-functional acrylamide (AM, C2H3CONH2, Aldrich Chemistry, USA) and di-functional N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM, (C2H3CONH)2CH2, Aldrich Chemistry, USA) were used as the gelators.
Citric acid (Aldrich Chemistry, USA) and ethoxylated acetylenic diol (Dynol 604, Air Products and Chemicals, USA) were used as the dispersant and surfactant, respectively.
When shear rate gradually increases, the breakdown of agglomerated structure occurs in regular order from weak to strong one, and finally the value of viscosity becomes nearly constant at a certain high rate of shear (i.e., Newtonian plateau).
This implies that the addition of multiple additives in the suspension system is more effective to suppress the formation of higher order structure.
With another viewpoint, high degree of solid loading can easily posses a certain level of 3-dimensional structure, which is hardly oriented along the flow direction by interlayer slip, resulting in higher viscosity compared with low solid loading.