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[4] Abd-El-Messieh, Basta S.L. : Journal or Polymer Materials (2001) 279
[15] Jawaid M., Khalil H.P., Abu Bakar A. : Journal of Composite Materials (2011) 2515
Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2012) 1967
[23] Singha A.S., Thakur V.K. : International Journal of Polymeric Materials (2008) 21
[28] Shahzad A.: Journal of Composite Materials (2012) 973

Thus the skin panels may experience extreme structural problems such as thermal post-buckling, flutter, delamination and fatigue failure for conventional composite materials.
Therefore Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) have been developed to overcome these kinds of drawbacks.
The materials are generally composed of ceramics and metals whose volume fractions continuously change from one to the other, resulting in corresponding changes in the material properties.
Thus FGMs have simultaneously the merits of two materials.
References [1] Ashley, H., and Zartarian, G., "Piston Theory - A New Aerodynamic Tool for the Aeroelastician" Journal of the Aeronautical Science, Vol. 23, Dec. (1956), p. 1109-1118 [2] J.

Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007 Australia 3 Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag No. 1 Menai NSW 2234 Australia 4 State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.
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Khraisheh, A new combined experimental–numerical approach to evaluate formability of rate dependent materials, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 66 (2013) 55-66
Al-Huniti, Constitutive modeling for the simulation of the superplastic forming of AA5083, Materials Science Forum 838-839 (2016) 512-517
Chang, Material Models for Simulation of Superplastic Mg Alloy Sheet Forming, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 19(4) (2010) 488-494
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
Liew, Three-dimensional modeling and simulation of superplastic forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 150 (2004) 76–83

However, taking account of the materials and the temperature fall conditions, the assumption of uniform temperatures is good approximation.
Xia, Pitting mechanism of cemented carbide tool in the early stage of rock drilling, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 42 (2014) 103–107
Lu, Wear characteristics of the cemented carbide blades in drilling limestone with water jet, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,29 (2011) 320–325
Tvergaard, On localization in ductile materials containing spherical voids, International Journal of Fracture, 18 (1982) 237-252
Gurland, Law and mixtures applied to the plastics deformation of two-phase alloys of coarse microstructures, Metallurgical Transactions A (Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science), 19(8) ( 1988) 2027-2040

Investigation of Mesh Dependency of Materials Fracture in the Finite Element Simulation of a Projectile Penetrating into a Target Jintao Liu 1, 2, Qunbo Fan 1, 2, a*, Hongnian Cai 1, 2, Guoju Li 1, 2 1 School of materials and science and engineering of Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 P.
China 2 National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Materials under Shock and Impact, Beijing 100081 P.
Geometrical and material models.
Woong, et al, Strain-softening materials and finite-element solutions, Computers and Structures. 23 (1986) 163-180
Bažant, The art of writing a scientific article, Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 113 (1987) 1512-1533

Sklad: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.83 (1998), pp.151-159
Davim: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.132 (2003), pp.340-344
Heath: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.116 (2001), pp.30-38
Lau: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.102 (2000), pp.25-29
Yoshikawa: Journal of Materials Science, Vol.23 (1988), pp.3214-3224

Using the low-cost combination, it can make the usibility of interactive materials more extensive.
Teachers can design the teaching materials according to the needs of students from different courses.
But they are too expensive for design teaching materials for different courses.
Key Engineering Materials Vol.439-440( 2010),p.1253-1258
A critical review of the literature, Journal of Computer Assisted learning Vol. 21, (2005),p.91-101.

Ariga, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 7, (2006), 753–771
Unob, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154, (2008), 578–587
Gascón, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, (2009), 213–221
Morris, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, (2009), 229–234
Yi, Journal of Membrane Science, 301, (2007), 118–125.

Results show that the developed interface friction model can simulate the characteristics of interface softening of certain materials better, thus providing a method when study the interface softening characteristic of materials.
Introduction In geotechnical engineering, the simulations of sliding or cracking of materials’ interface usually use Clough-Duncan hyperbolic model [1-3], but the simulations of interface of multi-layer materials (such as geotextiles, geomembranes, etc.) should take softening properties into consideration.
Materials adopt linear elastic model.
Journal of three Gorges University. 2008, 30(1): 64-68
Science, Science Technology and Engineering, 2010,10 (19): 4839-4842