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The data preprocessing methods based on the GM(1,1) model The original data sequences collected in practice often involve noise pollution of partial losses, to achieve effective instruction detection, the original data sequences must be preprocessed, that is, to filter, sort out and reduce the randomness of the original data sequences polluted by the noise and make up for the lost data; thus, effective data will be supplied for the instruction detection.
Different from directly building difference equations by general data sequences, the grey model uses the original data sequences to realize processing and build differential equations, to reduce the randomness of the original data sequences polluted by the noise, thus, to find the laws hidden in the data sequences.
This method can be used to fit and compensate the original data sequences, and to make some short-term compensation for the original data sequences.
An Algorithm for Attribute Value Reduction Based on Association Rules Mining [ J ].
Study on the Data Preprocessing in Intrusion Detection [ J ].

It is supposed that more frequent pins location leads to reduction of composite strength.
Relative reduction of ultimate strength of specimens without opening belongs to the range of 14.5-47.5% (Fig. 4, a) and relative reduction of ultimate strength of specimens having central concentrator such as opening is 14.0-40.7% (Fig. 4, b).
All preparation procedures and test data processing were performed in accordance with ASTM [10-11].
Depending on plate thickness and quantity of pins used the degree of longitudinal tension strength reduction is within the range of 14-47%.
Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Liner or Linearized Stess-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (є-N) Fatigue Data. – app. 

Introduction To either decrease fuel consumption or to make an engineering structure more easily to construct, a reduction of mass for most structures is a major demand and this has become a key driving factor for the design and the application of composites [1].
Now the application of composites has been extended to new areas, for example, aircraft structures in which the utilization of composite materials can result in 30% weight reduction, 30% cost reduction, 50% reduction of carbon dioxide emission and 50% reduction of energy consumption [2].
There are only two experimental data for the case of loading rate of 200 mm/min and our major interests are focused on the cases of the low loading rate (50 mm/min) and high loading rate (350 mm/min).
Result from the linear fitting the relationship between the experimental data of mechanical strength and the loading rate is presented as the red line in Fig.6.

Since the pulse widths of the three waves are different, the core losses were measured with respect to the pulse energy to obtain the meaningful data.
The THG pulses have shown the largest reduction of ~19% over 10~25 mJ/pulse regime.
The results show that the higher optical frequency leads to more reduction in core loss.
Reduction of the core loss versus pulse energy for each laser frequency. 30 mm 280 mm 1 mm 5 mm 5 mm 1 mm Careful analysis of the data revealed that even if the peak power is same, the improvement in core loss is still better when the optical frequency is higher.
It turned out that the THG pulses were most efficient and achieved as much as 19% enhancement in core loss reduction.

The measuring instrument and a wireless transmitter for sending the temperature data to an external receiver are mounted in the holder, enabling real-time measurement of the internal tool temperature during cutting with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz.
That suggests that a reduction in the thrust force can be expected from a reduction in the feed rate.
Fig. 8 Relation of step feed amount to internal tool temperature Fig. 9 Thrust waveform for one step feed cycle At the feed rate of 0.01 mm/rev, the improvement in hole drilling precision is considered to result from the reduction in thrust force at the beginning of cutting.
Considering a previously reported reduction in tool wear from a reduction in step feed amount [3] together with the results described here, we can conclude that reducing the step feed amount can reduce the cutting temperature and suppress tool wear.
Comparing the data on the rise in internal tool temperature for when the lubricant pool is used and when an external supply is used (Fig. 10), we can see that the temperature rise is less when the external supply is used.

The advantages of this approach lie in multimode damping and reduction of the optimal inductance.
Applied voltage Shunted impedance Sensing patch Driving PZT pair Poling direction Type YE5871 power amplifier HP 33120A function generator INV 8 low pass filter INV306 data acquisition system Computer DASP software Fig. 3 Experimental set-up of a flexible cantilever beam with surface bonded PZT patches Experimental Implementation The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 3.
The voltage signals from the sensor patch and the input voltage signals are acquired by INV306 data acquisition system, and the transfer function between the input and output is analyzed by the DASP software.
The peak reductions for different shunt cases are summarized in Table 3.
First, it causes larger peak reduction.

After asphalt powder modification, there is a little change in asphalt content, mainly embodied in the increase of aromatics and colloid and the reduction of saturate.
Seen from the changes in asphalt composition, the reduction of saturates is related to swelling due to the absorption of light component.
Tab.1 Composition Data of Matrix Asphalt and Recovered Asphalt Components Matrix Asphalt Recovered Asphalt Differences Saturates（％） 8.58 6.98 -1.6 Aromatics （％） 50.50 51.49 0.99 Colloid （％） 31.76 32.62 0.86 Asphaltene （％） 9.16 8.91 -0.25 Spectral Analysis of Rubber Asphalt.
The peak intensity of rubber asphalt within the range of 675 cm-1-870cm-1 is slightly lower than original asphalt and this is probably related to the reduction of saturates in the rubber asphalt.
Tab.2 The DCS Test Data of Rubber Asphalt in Different Reaction Time Matrix Asphalt 20 Meshes Truch Tyre Rubber Asphalt 15min 30min 60min 120min Onset Temperature of Endothermic Peak Changes °C 31.58 29.56 28.48 30.05 31.68 Endothermic Peak Temperature °C 38.53 37.03 37.33 37.63 37.73 Peak Area mJ 18.550 11.972 9.629 11.997 14.023 Endothermic Peak Heat Value J/g 1.1763 1.1936 1.0710 1.1739 1.1599 Chemical Composition Analysis of Rubber Powder.

Those data are quite necessary to execute costs and returns account of thermal power plant construction and energy saving reconstruction.
The openings of inlet baffles are shown as figure 3, which are statistical average data.
The electric current reductions demonstrate that the hydraulic coupler is better than inlet baffle for energy conservation.
Figure 5 shows the reductions of electric currents (di,o) and pressure head (dp), due to this optimization.
Figure 8 predicts that the air fan motor electric current reduction (di,u) due to driver upgrading, substituting hydraulic coupler for variable-frequency drive.

The observed reduction in flexural modulus and the increase in damping factor after loading are compared with virgin.
The load/ unload deflection test data of the specimen for a fixed maximum load with uniform increments was utilized to plot the hysteresis loop(Fig. 4&5).The Ed corresponds to the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop[12].
The large fibre interaction angle within the core of C&D laminates is responsible for the reduction of FM [5].
The FM shows a gradual reduction on cyclic loading for both the frequency with an observed marginal deviation from one another between 10*103 cycles and 40*103 cycles.
The presence of 45/-45 core, having 90 0 interaction angle induces reduction in the FM on loading.

National Health Interview Survey [5]and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data (1999-2004) reported that back represent the greater rate of pain compared to hips, knee, legs, shoulder, and the upper limb.
Data collection Postural angle of the upper trunk and pelvis were recorded by Inline 2D inclinometer (NORAXON EMG & Sensor System) .The size of the inclinometer were 3.05 (width) x 3.05 (height) x 3.05 cm (depth) and the weight was 45.5g.
Subject performed 20 minutes computer work Data analysis The raw data of EMG were normalized to the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) to calibrate the microvolt value of the RMS to the percentage of maximum interventions capacity (%MVC).
For the ease of comparison, the data of postural angle was grouping into interval of 5.The result obtained are not much different from the study done by Dumas, Upjohn [1]that identified the deviation of trunk posture of women during computer work was approximately -2 to 10 degree .
The postural data collected during 20 minutes task cannot explained this result, which may be related to long period of work in a sitting posture.