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Life Cycle Assessment and Long Term CO2 Reduction Estimation of Ultra Lightweight Vehicles Using CFRP Hiroaki Zushi1 , Jun Takahashi1, Kazuro Kageyama 1, Hideaki Murayama 2, Hideki Nagai3 and Jun-ichi Matsui4 1 Department of Environmental and Ocean Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, JAPAN 2 HOPE-X Project Term, NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan) 7-44-1, Jindaiji Higashi-machi, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8522, JAPAN 3 Smart Structure Research Center, AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), AIST Tsukuba center 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan 4 VentureLabo Co., Ltd., 1-11-1 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, JAPAN Keywords: Automobile, CFRP, LCA, CO2 emission, oil consumption, fuel cell Abstract: Japanese annual oil consumption is about 300 GL (giga liter) and energy related CO2 emission is about 300 MtC (mega ton carbon).
Life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emission of lightweight automobiles Based on the analytical condition of JAMA's LCA for automobiles [4] shown in Table 1, we added the data of CFRP to calculate life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emission of the lightweight automobiles [5].
For example, in case of CFRP-GV, the reduction of annual CO2 emission is 12MtC which is about 4 % of annual Japanese total CO2 emission in 1990, and annual oil saving is 17GL which is about 6 % of annual Japanese total oil consumption.
Figure 6, which is also calculated from Fig. 4, Table 2 and Table 3, shows a prediction of the CO2 emission t-C 15,960 km Driving distance km 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Gasoline Vehicle CFRP Vehicle � 20% mass reduction� GV CFRP-GV Fig. 2 Influence of driving distance on life cycle CO2 emission of automobiles with and without CFRP [5] world energy related CO2 emission considering the Asian motorization.
Kageyama, ''Public Acceptance Assessment of Ultra Lightweight Vehicles using CFRP (From Cost and 3R Viewpoints)'', ibid. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 GV CFRP-GV (40% lightweight) CFRP-FCVN (40% lightweight) CFRP-FCVG (40% lightweight) Year CFRP-GV CFRP-FCV Non-counter measure CO2 emission in the World MtC Fig. 5 Prediction of the influence of Asian motorization on the world CO2 emission from automobiles, and the effect of ultra-fuel efficient automobiles on its mitigation 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 1980 2000 2020 2040 WORLD ( Statistics ) OECD ( Statistics ) OECD ( Kyoto ProtocolCase ) CFRP-GV ( 40%ULV ) CFRP-FCVN ( 40%ULV ) CFRP-FCVG ( 40%ULV ) Non-Counter Measure CO2 emission in the World MtC Non-Counter Measure Year CFRP-FCV CFRP-GV OECD OECD reduction effects Introduce ultra lightweight vehicles using CFRP Counter Measure Introduce fuel cell vehicles Fig. 6 Prediction of the influence

The proportion of 10% zeolite in the mixture resulted in the highest of Cu reduction by 44% and manganese by 60% and in addition the 15% charcoal caused the highest reduction of iron (Fe) by 32%.
Our data is supported by [30] who reported a decrease in TK in coffee pulp and by [31] in paper pulp mill sludge during vermicomposting.
These zeolite reduction results were compared to the charcoal reduction in vermicomposting showed that lowest reduction of charcoal in C3, reduced 19% Cu, 32% Fe, 51% Zn and 29% Mn (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. % heavy metals reduction in the final vermicompost with zeolite (mean ± SE, n=3) Fig. 2. % heavy metals reduction in the final vermicompost with charcoal (mean ± SE, n=3) 4.
All ratios of zeolites and charcoals removed Cu, Fe and significant amount of Zn and Mn. 10% zeolite and 15% charcoal displayed the greatest reduction efficiencies of metals.

Discussion on Management Mode of Construction Waste in China Weixing Shao1, a, Hongyan Jiang1,b, Ziyuan Zhang1,c, Hui Wu1,d 1School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture &Technology, Shanxi, Xi’an, 710055, China ashaoweixing99@163.com,bggjianghy@163.com,c378919404@qq.com,d123098327@qq.com Keywords: construction waste; sustainable development; recycling; reduction Abstract.
Then based on the analysis of the present management situation of construction waste, different of management modes of construction waste are evaluated, and then the mode of reducing construction waste from its source is presented, which would performs well to realize the reduction and recycling of construction waste.
According to a rough statistics on the loss of the building construction materials ,in which the data are mainly obtained from the cast-in-situ structure and frame structure, the quantities of waste can reach 500 ~ 600 tons per 10,000 square meters during construction.

The data show a clear trend upwards in the use of the technology albeit the total use is still low.
The data was collected with the help of project managers working for owners or developers only.
Data Analysis The SCTI data collection and analysis was used to establish a benchmark of the technology use in residential and commercial building construction projects, executed in the UAE between the years 2005 and 2010.
Fig. 1: Project Types in Data Sample Fig. 2: Number of Projects per year (year represents start of construction) The data examined the total SC technology use per phase of construction, and the particular differences between the phases.
Moreover, the data show a clear trend upwards in the use of the technology albeit the total use is still low.

Reduction of Aircraft Tyre Wear by Pre-rotating Wheel using ANSYS Mechanical Transient Abdurrhman A.
Moreover, the input data includes assumptions that are used for all simulations are similar in order to get a fair comparison of results.
Table 1 shows the wheel data [31, 32].
Table 1 Wheel data.
This spring has the same data as a Boeing 747-400 main shock absorber (four oleo struts in parallel) divided by four to be valid for a single wheel.

Due to the massive data, storing all the data cubes needs a lot of space and resources.
Data Cube.A formal description of Data Cube is given as following: The data cube can be represented as a six tuple form: Cube=( Dom, D, Mdom, M, f , aggr )
The processing method is defined for each sun-block of data in Map stage; Reduce phase defines the reduction algorithm of the intermediate results which are gained in Map stage.
But in many cases, the data in fact are not the basic cube data.
Data Cube Compression withQuantiCubes[A].

A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, variable compression ratio, direct injection diesel engine developing 5KW power with provision for computerized data acquisition is used to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics.
Senthil Kumar et al. [6] also detected a reduction in smoke, HC and CO emissions with the introduction of hydrogen.
Data acquisition systems interface the signals from the transducers and computer for online measurement of exhaust gas temperature, cooling water and calorimeter water inlet and outlet temperature and load on the engine.
As the percentage of biodiesel was increased in the fuel there was a further reduction in the smoke emissions.
The inbuilt oxygen in the biodiesel may be responsible for this reduction.

The test data illustrates that the reaeration efficiency increases with increasing drop-water depth, and decreases with increasing discharge current; the flashboard spillways appear to offer markedly higher reaeration efficiency than the smooth spillway, which increases gradually with reduction of the space between streamwise adjacent flashboards.
For flashboard spillways, reaeration efficiency increases gradually with reduction of the space between streamwise adjacent flashboards.
Based on these findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The results demonstrate that the reaeration efficiency increases with increasing drop-water depth, and decreases with increasing discharge current; (2) the flashboard spillways appear to offer markedly higher reaeration efficiency than the smooth spillway, which increases gradually with reduction of the space between streamwise adjacent flashboards

From the kinetic data, it shows a pseudo first order kinetics with respect to PO concentration under constant CO2 pressure.
It is also a high conversion reaction, 96.0% (PO), with easier product separation, and as applied to industry for CO2 reduction process, its kinetic information would be very useful for future industrial scale reactor design.
To ensure the validity of experimental data, each experiment was repeated 3 times, and the results were averaged for further analysis.
These conversion data, derived from triplicate batch experiments, were collected and fitted using first order kinetics: -ln(1-x) = k’t, where x is the conversion, t time period and k’ is the rate constant (hr-1), obtained according to the regression line slope in the plot of the minus nature log (1-conversion) versus reaction time.
Using epoxides as reactants and media, and ionic liquids as catalyst are also feasible; as applied to industry, they would make a great contribution to CO2 reduction.

Tumbling ball mills are a common comminution device in the mineral industry processing, wherein the particle size reduction is performed by action of the grinding media.
Experimental data showed it was not found the end-wall effects on the transitional behavior, and this effect can be assessed in numerical studies by analyze of the specularity coefficient.
A tumbling ball mill consists in a cylinder rotating around its own axis, and the particle size reduction occurs due the combination of impact and abrasion between the grinding media and the particles.
Figs. 3, 4 and 5 show the experimental data for the balls of diameters 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030 m, respectively, each one rotating in three different lengths of the tumbling mill.
Conclusions From experimental data, it was possible to study the transitional phenomena between cascading, cataracting and centrifuging motion in a tumbling ball mill.