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Evaluation of Railway Rails Suffered from Rolling Contact Fatigue Using X-Ray Generalized cosα Method Toshihiko Sasaki1,a* 1Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-mach, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan asasakit@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp Keywords: railway rail, residual stress, X-ray diffraction, Debye-Scherrer ring, tri-axial stress analysis.
Most industrial materials are polycrystalline aggregates having infinite number of fine grains.
Yamasaki, Society of the Materials Science, Japan, Vol.27, No.294 (1978) 251-256
Ejiri, The Journal of Instrumentation, vol.9, No.7, C07006,July 2014
Dölle, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 12, (1979) 489-501.

Introduction At present, the precise and efficient machining method of hard and brittle machining materials is fine super-hard grinding wheel (diamond grinding wheel, CBN grinding wheel) [1].
Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding for this work from Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51275272), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China（Y1091134）.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2007), doi;10.1O16/j.jmatprotec.2008.04.045
[3] Scott F Miller, Albert J Shih, Jun Qu．Investigation of the spark cycle on material removal rate in wire electrical discharge machining of advanced materials [J].
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2004, 44: 391-400

Due to the extensive sources and simple processing of the material, the equivalent target will reduce the test cost greatly.
The geometry (such as the shape and thickness), the choice of material and the installation should be designed correctly and reasonably [11].
We choose LY-12 aluminum as the material, of the circular structure, diameter and thickness, and the method of rigid fixation.
China Safety Science Journal, 2003, 13(3)
Journal of Projectiles;Rockets;Missiles and Guidance, 2003, 23(2).

The microstructure determines the properties of material, so the studies on microstructure of as-deposited metal parts are critical to analyze their properties.
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 47(6): 996-1002
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(11): 4970-4976
Materials Science and Engineering, 65(1): 75-83
Materials Science Forum, Vols. 534-536: 457-460.

This study tries to explore the deformation and fracture property of plate of brittle materials under uniform pressure, which can be references for the design of mold in elastic deformation machining method.
Fracture probability of brittle materials always obeys the Weibull distribution.
For glass plate with different depth and materials, it is not convenient to study their fracture property using specimen experiment every time.
Acknowledgements This research is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (50975085), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y1101095).
Warren: Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol. 21 (2001) p. 335-342 [4] S.M.

The materials of damping device generally were made of low-yield-point steel, Pb and rubber.
Superplastic materials have been given great attention as a new seismic damper since they have more suitable characteristics as damping materials such as low-deformation stress, no work-hardening and high ductility [2,3,4,5,6,7].
According to GB/T 7314-2005(in China), metallic materials-compression testing at ambient temperature, the compression specimens were prepared with gauge lengths of 12mm and 8mm diameter.
Chang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology 180(2006), p. 17 [11] GB/T 24172-2009, Method for evaluation of tensile properties of metallic superplastic materials, In Chinese
[12] GB/T 7314-2005, Metallic materials-Compression testing at ambient temperature, In Chinese.

It reflects the relationship between the stress amplitude and number of stress cycles, and generally can be obtained by constant amplitude cyclic loading test for the structure or component materials.
Corrosion Science and Protection Technology. 18(2), 132-136. (2006) [5] Lu W, Qiang S Z, Jiang Y L.
Journal of Changsha communications university. 23(1), 6-10
International Journal of Fatigue, 22(4), 339-347. (2000) [9] R.Tovo.
International Journal of Fatigue. (23), 587-598. (2001) [10] T.J.

Ovcharenko1,2,c 1Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPMS SB RAS), Tomsk, 634055, Russia 2Tomsk polytechnic university, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia akibaarg@mail.ru, bjeck2000@list.ru, сove45@mail.ru.
At present, an actively developed direction in the field of materials science for high-strength alloys for various purposes is the production of alloys with a highly disperse grain structure by treating them with the methods of intense plastic deformation [3, 4].
Polkowski, Z.Bojar, Review - Applications of Ni3Al Based Intermetallic Alloys—Current Stage and Potential Perceptivities, Materials. 8 (2015) 2537-2568
Mulyukov, Structure and Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Materials Prodused by Severe Plastic Deformation, Mater.
Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 115 (2018) 012049

Materials Science and Engineering A 2006, 429:137–148
Materials Science and Engineering A 2010, 527:3685–3689
Materials Science and Engineering A 2007, 458:226–234
Progress in Materials Science 2000; 45: 110
Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005; 402:22-32

Effects of Fly Ash and Granular Blast-furnace Slag on Development Rate of Strength of Concrete Ji-wei CAI1, a *, Si-jia YAN1,b, Gong-lei WEI2,c, Lu WANG2,d and Jin-jin ZHOU2,e 1Institute of Materials and Structure, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China 2Shijiazhuang Jinyu Xucheng Concrete Co.
Experimental Materials. 1) Cementitious materials including Ordinary Portland Cement (grade 42.5 MPa) with 28 d compressive strength 50.2 MPa and specific surface area 350 m2/kg, Grade II Fly Ash (FA) with water demand ratio 98% and S95 ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) with specific surface area 410 m2/kg. 2) Aggregates including natural sand with fineness modulus 2.6 and crushed stone in 5-25 mm continuous gradation. 3) Superplasticizers including sulphonated naphthalene with dosage 1-1.2% for C30 concrete series and polycarboxylate with dosage 0.9-1% for C60 concrete series.
Abd elaty: Compressive strength prediction of Portland cement concrete with age using a new model, HBRC Journal (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.09.005 [3] Ji-wei CAI, Ying WANG, Bao-long LIU, et al: Research on Estimating 28 d Strength of Concrete by Early Strength, Journal of Henan University (Natural Science), 2014, 44(1), pp. 108-112 (in Chinese)
[5] Bi-hua ZHAO, Ming QIN: On the Early Estimation of Fly Ash Concrete Strength, Journal of East China Jiaotong University, 2001,18(3), pp. 87-89 (in Chinese)