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Rising the test temperatures above ~ 420 K, was found to result in reduction of the flow stress to the values received for the industrial material (IM).The formation of coarse primary intermetallic compounds, which is typical for IM material, was effectively reduced for RS material.
According to the literature data, the cooling rate during rapid solidification is about 5×105 [K/s].
Significant improvement in reduction of primary intermetallic compound size is evidenced for PM material, however local colonies of particles, varied in size, are observed (Fig. 1b).Typical STEM and TEM microstructures of as - extruded Al-2Fe-2Ni-5Mg IM and Al-2Fe-2Ni-5Mg PM alloys are shown in Fig. 2a, 2b and Fig. 3a, 3b, respectively.
SAD patterns displayed in Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b correspond to monoclinic FeNiAl9 phase, thus is adequate to literature data.
Maximum flow stress value depends on deformation temperature as shown in Fig. 4b Increasing deformation temperature above ~420 K induces reduction of mechanical properties to the level corresponding to properties of conventionally prepared material.

Data queries.
Furthermore, data can be downloaded to a data spread sheet and to create specific key performance indicators.
This is the result of different actions based on the analysis of the data collected.
Also, some rings were used in strategic strands as a tester to determine the maximum service life without producing defects; this data was used to change the limit of maximum casts per ring, progressively, till 1000 casts were reached by mid 2009.
As a result, figure 10 shows cost reduction per ton related to graphite ring use.

The extent of strength reduction in "t" years' operation that we named "Deterioration Factor" and limit of lifetime were estimated.
Related data, including ambient temperature in smelter building, types and concentration of gases emitted from cells, stray current through reinforcement and weight and frequency of running vehicles, are shown in table 2.
Fatigue factor of 0.8 was applied and allowable shear stress was reduced from 0.6 to 0.45 MPa, which was in good agreement with the results of supplemental experiment on the strength reduction after sustained exposure up to 300C by H.Kasami et.al.[7], in which shear strength showed a downward peak at 50C with 20% reduction.
The regression curves showed greater strength reduction for cores from beams with higher temperature, indicating rapid reduction at earlier exposure term.
(1) Compressive strength of cores by wet test showed linear reduction with operation term.

The results showed that acicular ferrite forms at nucleation sites such as dislocations within austenite grains under the heavy reduction in the austensite non-recrystallization region and accelerated cooling conditions, and the inclusions such as Al2O3·MnS may have promotion effect for the formation of acicular ferrite.
The first stage rolling was in the recrystallized austenite region at 1050~1150°C the amount of total reduction was 48%, and the second stage was in the nonrecrystallized austenite region at 800~850°C with the heavy rolling reduction of 65%.
Under the conditions of controlled rolling and accelerated cooling, A heavy reduction in the austenite non-recrystalliztion region can produce a high density of dislocations and other defects such as substructures within the austenite grain stimulating acicular ferrite to nucleate, while the accelerated cooling rate provides the thermodynamic driving force for the formation of acicular ferrite.
Fig. 3 TEM micrograghs showing the nucleation sites (a) and morphological characterisitics (b)of acicular ferrite in the as-rolled specimen Table 2 The mechanical properties of as-rolled and tempered specimens samples Yield Strength (Rp0.2/MPa) Tensile Strength (Rm/MPa) Elongation (A/%) Reduction of area (Z/%) Transverse Toughness (Akv/J) 0°C -20°C -40°C As-rolled 600 745 19 70 170 140 130 550°C tempered 670 770 16 66 195 208 180 650°C tempered 710 790 15.8 69 158 132 145 Crystallographic Characteristic of Acicular Ferrite Analyzed by EBSD In Fig. 4, low-angle grain boundaries (misorientation angle 2~15 degrees) were colored in red lines, while high-angle boundaries (15 degree or more) colored in green lines.
In terms of EBSD analyses data the average grain sizes of these specimens were 3.9, 4.4 and 2.9μm respectively, and the fractions of their low-angle grain boundaries were 14.1%, 21.4% and 21.4% respectively.

The results showed that small drill point angle and low feed rate can reduce the thrust force leading to the reduction of damage factor at the hole’s entrance and exit.
Durao et al. 0 found out that the cautious combination of drill tip geometry and feed rate promoted the reduction of delamination damage occurred in drilling carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates.
Piezo-Dynamometer Kistler type 9257 B was connected with the multichannel charge amplifier 9017 B and computer for data acquisition and processing.
Major thrust force reduction observed (51 N to 7.59 N) when compared to drilling 4 mm thick CFRP composite laminates by Durao et al. 0 at the similar drilling parameters and drill point angle.
There are three main reasons observed; reduction of sample thickness, the used of metallic plate on top and at the bottom of the sample and the alternating glass fiber within HFRP had contributed in the reduction of thrust force.

Experiment results indicate that temperature reduction will widen the optimal operating region and increase the optimal multiplication; therefore APD will be more sensitive.
The major objective of this paper is to report a series of experiments completely characterizing the commercial APDs working in Geiger mode so as to provide useful data for single-photon detection.
The data provided by the manufactory for these APDs is almost measured under room temperature and with continuous weak light level, so is not suitable for applications in extreme situation.
From the point of view of SNR and multiplication, the advantage of temperature reduction can be easily seen too.
Temperature reduction can lower the ground noise and avalanche noise of the detector, so the optimal operating multiplication moves to Mama at 248K in fig. 2(b).

With the ongoing energy saving and emission reduction projects, cold storage constantly faced with the challenge of energy efficiency indicators.
However, there are seldom research on achieving the substantial reductions of comprehensive energy consumption from cold storage’s energy comprehensive utilization and recycling.
If the condensing temperature is 40 ℃, aquatic cold storage’s refrigeration tonnage is 2.5 million ton (China's statistical data of 2005), each year the exergy amount in the waste heat which aquatic cold storage emitted through the condenser is equal to 5.5 × 107kWh of electricity.
The calculation of the drying system’s capacity is based on the cold storage refrigeration system’s condensing sensible heat’s releasing quantity, so as to determine the heat recovery heat exchanger’s structure, type and size, and to determine the dry volume of the materials in the drying chamber, solar collector area can be determined by the amount of dried material; during summer time, it can heat air to 60 ℃ when work independently, this was used for the design conditions, and using the local solar radiation as a reference data calculated the solar heat collector area, then selected the appropriate heater collector and inclined built it on the top of the drying chamber in the direction of the latitude.
The device coupled the two high-energy processing methods, food frozen and drying together to achieve comprehensive energy consumption of one end input, which greatly improved the efficiency of cold storage refrigeration system’s comprehensive energy consumption, and provided research direction for cold storage refrigeration system to achieve energy savings and emission reduction.

A defect reduction mechanism was proposed based on this discovery.
Together with other applications for energy infrastructure and the most recent rising demand for data centers that are reliant on artificial intelligence (AI) technology, SiC systems have been giving benefits in a way of saving very large amounts of energy every day.
TSD maps were generated by XRT Toolbox software, an automatic XRT data processing tool to generate defect analysis reports.
Cropped overall XRT image (E=8.05keV, g=0004) of the axial sample to study the cause of TSD reduction at the facet boundary.
A schematic showing the cause of TSD reduction at the facet boundary.

Finally, the obtained CoFe2O4 samples can be used as photocatalysts with a maximum reduction rate ratio of 83%.
These results are in accordance with ICDD data no. 221086 which indicates that the sample obtained has the fcc inverse spinel structure with the Fd3m space group.
With the presence of a CoFe2O4 sample and then a photocatalyst will result in a reduction.
Reduction ratio of the photocatalyst as a function of times There was an increase in the reduction in the time variation of 10 minutes.
Finally, the obtained CoFe2O4 samples can be used as photocatalysts with a maximum reduction rate ratio of 83%.

Finally, based on the experimental results, we present the reduction of the thermal resistances of the heat pipes compared with conventional heat pipes cannot be explained by only the thermal conductivity of water-based MWCNT nanofluids.
Experimental apparatus.As shown in Fig.3, the experimental system consists of a cooling chamber, the heat pipe, a power supply (Agilent Technologies, Inc., 34970A), a data acquisition system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., E3631A), and so on.
Compare Fig. 5 with Fig. 6, the reduction rate of thermal resistance of heat pipe with nanofluids is greater than the enhancement rate of thermal conductivity.
Those results show that only the enhancement of thermal conductivity cannot explain the reduction of thermal resistance of heat pipe using water-based MWCNT nanofluids.
Based on the experimental results, the reduction of thermal resistances of the heat pipes compared with conventional heat pipes cannot be explained by only the thermal conductivity of water-based MWCNT nanofluids.