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Alexandrov: Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 45 (2000), p. 103
Langdon: Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 51 (2006), p. 881
Cao, Materials Science and Engineering: R, Vol. 63 (2009), p. 127
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Suzuki : Materials Science and Eng.

In damage mechanics, the damage variable, a number within [0 1] is taken to express the degree of degradation of materials.
In the published research works, experimental techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography (CT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques, etc., are used to measure the damage of rock materials [4-6].
Yang Haisheng of Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for their help on the experiment.
[2] Ma Shaopeng, Zhou Hui: Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 27 (2008), P.1667
[6] Yang Gengshe: Journal of Chang’an University (Natural Science Edition) Vol. 23 (2003), P.47

Research on the Methods of Determination of Characteristic Strength of Brittle Rock materials in Compression Test Bin WANG 1, a, Jie-bing ZHU 1,b , Ai-qing WU 1,c 1 Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute，Wuhan, 430010，China acugwangbin@163.com, bzhujb@vip.163.com, cwuaiqing@vip.sina.com Keywords: Brittle rock; crack closure; crack initiation; crack damage strength; damage threshold Abstract: The failure of rock materials in compression test suffers three characteristic stages: crack initiation, crack damage threshold, and macro-failure.
The AE monitoring method and the lateral P-wave or the axial S-wave test is an effective indicative of identifying the damage threshold when subject an axial compression failure. 1 Introduction Due to the long-term effects of various external loading and environmental actions, Rock materials internally exist a variety of defects such as micro-cracks, cavities, joints and so on.
Acknowledgements This work was financially Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50909007), Public Welfare Industry Projects of Ministry of Water Resources(201001009)，Basic Foundation of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute(CKSF2012002/YT).
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 2004,41(2004):1221-1227 [4] Martin CD.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2004,41(5):833-847

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Bose: Journal of Materials Processing Technology 115 (2001) p. 413-422
Liu: Progress in Materials Science vol. 42 (1997), p. 177-192.

Dual Boundary Element Analysis for Time-Dependent Fracture Problems in Creeping Materials E.
This paper presents the development of a new boundary element formulation for analysis of fracture problems in creeping materials.
Once such problem is fracture in creeping materials.
Fracture Mechanics; 12th Congress, ASTM STP 700, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp112-130, (1980)
Elastic/viscoplastic Problems using Boundary Elements, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 24, 605-618, (1982). 13

Zhao etal: Chinese Materials Science Technology & Equipment, Vol.4(2007) No.3, p.61-64.
Geng etal: Journal of Inorganic Materials, Vol.27 (2012) No.5, p.545-549.
Joost Wijn and Klaas Groot: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part A, Vol.40 (1998) No.4, p.520-529
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Li and C.R.Zhou etal: Chinese Journal of Materials Research, Vol.21 (2011) No.3, p.243-248.

The general materials science principles underlying the relationships between processing conditions, microstructure and the mechanical properties of the disks made by using the powder compact forging are discussed.
Therefore, TPM processes that involve plastic deformation are more capable of achieving fully densified and fully bonded PM materials with controlled microstructures such as ultrafine grains than powder compact sintering.
S., Nyberg, E., and Simmons K. (2006) A new binder for powder injection molding titanium and other reactive metals, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176, 205-209
[6] Guo, S., Qu, X., He, X., Zhou, T. and Duan, B.(2006) Powder injection molding of Ti-6Al- 4V alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 173, 310-314
P. and Stöver, D. (2006) Improvement of mechanical properties of powder metallurgical NiTi shape memory alloys, Advanced Engineering Materials 8, 247-252.

Modern functional metal oxide materials are based upon the use of nanostructured particles.
In recent years materials on the basis of yttrium oxide find ever-widening application.
These compounds are used in high-performance luminescence devices [1, 2], as phosphors [3–13], the reactants for synthesis of nanotubes [14], nanowires [15] and nanorods [16–17], as well as other functional materials.
Morales-Ramнrez, Influence of pH and europium concentration on the luminescent and morphological properties of Y2O3 powders, Optical Materials, 48 (2015) 97-104
[9] Yahong Sun, Guohua Pan, QingyangGu, Xinxin Li, Genban Sun, Shulan Ma, Xiaojing Yang, Structural transformation and photoluminescence behavior during calcination of the layered europium-doped yttrium hydroxide intercalate with organic-sensitizer, Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (2013) 4460-4468

Experimental Lead (II) oxide (PbO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders were prepared as raw materials.
Francis, Phase Development in Si Modified Sol-Gel-Derived Lead Titanate, Journal of Materials Research 8 (1993) 1712-1720
Soe, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nano-sized PbTiO3 Powder and Epitaxial Film for Memory Capacitor Application, American Journal of Materials Science and Technology 1 (2012) 22-27
Mahmood, Effect of Impact Milling and Ball Milling on Microstructure of Lead Titanate Powders Synthesized by Solid-State Reaction, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 3 (2013) 571-574
Tan, PbTiO3 Ceramics Derived from High-Energy Ball Milled Nano-Sized Powders, Journal Of Materials Science Letters 19 (2000) 1963 – 1966

The properties of the alternative building wall materials are identified and compared with that of conventional bricks.
Availability of alternative building materials.
The materials were properly weathered and their properties were studied with the help of literature reviews (Annexure-I).
Additionally, the block is produced using locally available materials and resources, and is therefore socio-economically feasible.
Pitroda: Fly ash brick: Glass fibre the innovative concept for getting higher strength brick, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, No.3, (2013) [14] S.