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Introduction The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was first introduced in 1984 as ultrahigh-temperature resistant materials for aircraft, space vehicles and other engineering applications [1].
This is achieved by gradually varying the volume fraction of the constituent materials.
Material properties As mentioned above, functionally graded materials (FGMs) are non conventional composite materials, the mechanical properties of which vary continuously due to gradual change in the volume fraction of the constituent material.
[16] Hui-Shen Shen,Functionally graded materials : Nonlinear analysis of plates and shells.
JONES 1975 Mechanics of Composite Materials, 51.

Phase Evolutionary Process of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 System Glass and Glass-ceramic Feng He1,a, Caiming Ping 1,b, Jinshu Cheng2,c (1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei Wuhan 430070, China) (2Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hubei Wuhan, 430070, China) aemail: he-feng2002@163.com, bemail: pingfan@whut.edu.cn, cemail: chengjinshu@whut.edu.cn Key words: Phase evolutionary process; CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass-ceramics; heat-treatment; decoration material Abstract: Sintering glass-ceramics, a new type material for architectural decoration, belong to CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (CAS) without nucleation agent.
Compared with natural stone materials, sintering glass-ceramics decorative materials possess the following advantages: dense structure, high strength, and erosion-resistance.
Use of particles sintering technology to obtain high quality products from silicate materials was explored in the past [2-5].
The chemical materials were weighed accurately, well mixed and placed into corundum crucible.
Vol. 33(1998), p. 5265 [15] Rawlings R.D., Wu J.P., Boccaccini A.R.: Ceramics International Vol. 30(6)(2004), p. 983 [17] Tulyaganov D.U., Agathopoulos S., Fernandes H.R., Ferreira J.M.F.: Ceramics International Vol. 32(2)(2005), p. 195 [18] Shi Peiyang, Jiang Maofa, Liu Chengjun, Wang Deyong, Zhu Mingwei: Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society Vol. 32(11)(2004), p.1389 [19] He Feng, Lou Guanghui, Hao Xiancheng: Material Science and Technology Vol.13(2)(2005), p.150 [20] Jinshu Cheng, Huiguang Qiu, Liying Tang: Advanced Materials Research Vol. 66(2009), p. 37

Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 1(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2238-7854(12)70009-1
Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing. 651, 18-26.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 214(4) 962-968.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 227, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.021
Computational Materials Science. 50(12) 3315-3322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.06.023

Kny, Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications Research, Design and Commercialization, Elsevier Science, San Diego, 2017
Hollister, Experimental and computational characterization of designed and fabricated 50:50 PLGA porous scaffolds for human trabecular bone applications, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 21 (8) (2010) 2371–2383
Kossovsky, Advances in materials science and implant orthopedic surgery, Springer Verlag, 2013
Shin, Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering fabricated from two different materials by the rapid prototyping technique: PCL versus PLGA, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 23 (11) (2012) 2671–2678
Seitz, Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 16 (12)(2005) 1121–1124

In damage mechanics, the damage variable, a number within [0 1] is taken to express the degree of degradation of materials.
In the published research works, experimental techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography (CT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques, etc., are used to measure the damage of rock materials [4-6].
Yang Haisheng of Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for their help on the experiment.
[2] Ma Shaopeng, Zhou Hui: Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 27 (2008), P.1667
[6] Yang Gengshe: Journal of Chang’an University (Natural Science Edition) Vol. 23 (2003), P.47

Furthermore, the frictional heat causes the materials to deform plastically [2].
Shrivastava, “Ductile fracture based joint formation mechanism during friction stir welding,” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 168, Nov. 2019
Dhindaw, “Numerical simulation of temperature distribution using finite difference equations and estimation of the grain size during friction stir processing,” Materials Science and Engineering A, 543, 231-242, Mar. 2012
Rynkovskaya, “Development of a Finite Element Model for Thermal Analysis of Friction Stir Welding (FSW),” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 495, 2019
Bauri, “Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 539, 85-92, Jan. 2012

Zhao etal: Chinese Materials Science Technology & Equipment, Vol.4(2007) No.3, p.61-64.
Geng etal: Journal of Inorganic Materials, Vol.27 (2012) No.5, p.545-549.
Joost Wijn and Klaas Groot: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part A, Vol.40 (1998) No.4, p.520-529
Olga and L.Vera: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol.54 (2001) p.567
Li and C.R.Zhou etal: Chinese Journal of Materials Research, Vol.21 (2011) No.3, p.243-248.

Researchers are concerned with macroporous materials [6, 7].
Synthetic materials are characterized by SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption.
In order to characterize the morphology of our macroporous materials, the SEM and TEM are performed.
Zhang: Food Science and Technology.
Abraham: Journal of Molecular Catalysis B.

He: Advances in Materials Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vols. 471-472 (2004), pp.339-343
Chua: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, Vols. 92-93 (1999) No.9, pp.293-301
Islam: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, (2006) No.71, pp.93-99
Lee: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, (2001) No.113, pp.410-415
Dewes: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 127 (2002) No.3, pp.325-335

Back Analysis of Material Parameters of Concrete Dam Using Genetic Algorithm Jinbao LIU1,2,a, Shouju Li3,b, Wei Zhu1,c 1 College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098 China 2 Department of Water Resource, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311231 China 3, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China aLiujinbao75@163.com, b lishouju@dlut.edu.cn, c weizhu863@126.com Key words: parameter identification, material parameters, concrete dam, genetic algorithm Abstract.
Identified results of elastic parameters of rock masses and concrete dam Material parameters Er/GPa Ec/GPa mr mc Identified results 15.42 23.20 0.28 0.31 Conclusion Material behavior modeling and parameter estimation play very important role in structural components design and its durability analysis.
[3] Yun Ky Hong, Seung Wook Baek, “Inverse Analysis for Estimating the Unsteady Inlet Temperature Distribution for Two-phase Laminar Flow in a Channel”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.49, pp.1137-1147, 2006
[5] Chris Wijns, Fabio Boschetti, Louis Moresi, “Inverse Modelling in Geology by Interactive Evolutionary Computation”, Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 25, no. 10, pp.1615-1621, 2003
[6] Gabriella Bolzon, Giulio Maier, Michele Panico, “Material Model Calibration by Indentation, Imprint Mapping and Inverse Analysis”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.41 pp.2957-2975 , 2004.