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Propagating and Reconstructing Cracks in 3D in Cement-based Materials Guanguo Liu 1,2,a, Aibin Ma 1,b, Honggen Qin3,c, Ping Zhang3,d 1 College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 2 Jiangsu Transportation Institute Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Large-span Bridge Health Inspection & Diagnosis Technology Ministry of Communications, Nanjing 211112, China 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Material, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China algg@jstri.com,b aibin-ma@hhu.edu.cn, c qinhonggen@126.com, dzhangpingseu@163.com Keywords: X-CT; Cracks;Three-dimensional reconstruction; Quantitative calculation Abstract: Three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative calculation were performed by X-ray computerized tomography to propagate cracks in paste, mortar, and concrete specimens.
Introduction Controlling cracks in concrete structures has been a research emphasis in structural engineering and materials science for many years.
Raw materials and mix proportion Approximately 40 mm was cut from the head of a cylinder after a certain period.
Chob L.C.Wang The relationship between pore structure and chloride diffusivity from ponding test in cement-based materials Materials Chemistry and Physics 2005.11
Computed tomography technology for microstructural studying on cement-based materials: a review on the state of the art[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2010,38（7）：1346-1356

Presently, the need to characterize the constitutive parameters of materials has increased due to the manufacture of new materials and development of computational analysis software intending to reproduce the real behavior which depends on the quality of the models implemented and their material parameters.
Introduction The characterization of materials is having an increasing attention due to the manufacturing of new materials and development of computational analysis software.
However different materials may have similar properties.
International journal for numerical methods in engineering. 74:1872-1895, 2007
Key Engineering Materials 554:2200-2211, 2013

In damage mechanics, the damage variable, a number within [0 1] is taken to express the degree of degradation of materials.
In the published research works, experimental techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography (CT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques, etc., are used to measure the damage of rock materials [4-6].
Yang Haisheng of Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for their help on the experiment.
[2] Ma Shaopeng, Zhou Hui: Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 27 (2008), P.1667
[6] Yang Gengshe: Journal of Chang’an University (Natural Science Edition) Vol. 23 (2003), P.47

Effect of the concentration of the magnetic particles in the ferrooil on its dynamic’s viscosity changes in an external magnetic field Marcin FRYCZ 1, a* and Wojciech HORAK 2, b 1Maritime University Gdynia, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Morska Str 83, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland 2AGH University of Science and Technology, Facoulty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland afryczm@am.gdynia.pl, bhorak@agh.edu.pl Keywords: ferrooil, magnetic particles, oil viscosity, rheometer.
Ferrooil’s dynamic viscosity changes significantly alter the tribological properties and thus its usefulness as a lubricant of the sliding journal bearings.
Kuznetsova, Magnetic Properties of Dense Ferrofluids, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Elsevier, 252 (2002) 135–137
Miszczak, Tribological properties of ferro-oil, Journal of Friction and Wear [Trenie i Iznos] Bialoruska Akademia Nauk, 27(3) (2006) 330–336.

Liu: submitted to Journal of Membrane Science (2011) [2] A.
Capannrlli: submitted to Journal of Membrane Science (1991) [3] S.C.
Ratana: submitted to Journal of Membrane Science (2011) [8] X.T.
Xiao: submitted to Journal of Membrane Science (2010) [10] S.J.
Lee: submitted to Journal of Membrane Science (2009) [11] L.

The common materials used in glazes formulation include quartz or silica, kaolinite, feldspar, alumina and some metal oxide.
Journal of hydro-environment Research 5 (2011) 169 – 176
SitiWaznah, Minerological Study of Kemaman Coastal Sediment of Terengganu, Malaysia, Journal of Sustainability Science and Management. 4(2) (2009) 157-162
Undergraduate Thesis, Bachelor of Science (Marine Science).
Hamer, The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques, Fifth Edition A&C Black Publishers Ltd., London, 2004

When an amplitude of temperature reduction is high, the tensile stress of elasticity materials may be larger, so repair materials should have ductility and elastoplasticity materials are considerable.
Materials' adhesive strength is1.5 MPa.With the width of the crack increased, the plastic of the repair materials we need decreased, so we mainly focus on the elastoplastic performance of repair materials when cracks' widths are small.
Using the perfusion method to repair, the elongation of the materials should reach 171.5% when the elasticity modulus of material is 100MPa.the elongation of the materials should reach 165.4% when the elasticity modulus of material is 300MPa.
Journal of Railway Science and Engineering.2011:8(1),20-23.In Chinese
Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University.2010:45(1),34-45.In Chinese.

Secondly, tool materials must be selected reasonably.
Yan, etc: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 500 (2012), pp. 13-19
Liu: Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology, Vol. 16 (2011), No. 6, pp. 11-12.
He, etc: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 500 (2012), pp. 563-568
Song: Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 46(2010), No. 9, pp. 187-189.

In the modern world with an extensive improvement of science and technologies, alumina (Al2O3) ceramics have been identified as one of the usable materials in production of electronic components.
This process also changes the structure and microstructure of the blend materials [3].
The thermal conductivity of traditional ceramic materials was known to be a function of their porosity or bulk density [8].
Dutta, A numerical model for heat sink with phase change materials and thermal conductivity enhancers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 49 (2006) 1833-1844
[7] Koji Atarashiya, Aluminum nitride/metal composites using ultra-fine aluminum particles and their application for joining, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 54 (1995) 54-59

Materials Science and Engineering A, 2001, 302: 37-45
Materials Science Forum, 2003, 419-422(1): 57-66
Frontier Materials Science of China, 2008, 2(1): 1-8
Journal of Materials Science, 2008, 43: 6952-6959
Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 428: 295-300