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A linear interpolation method is adopted to map the data between the CPFE model of deformation and the single PF model of recrystallisation.
A linear interpolation method reported in [24] has been chosen to map the data, such as the number of activated slip systems, grain orientations and stored energy from the CPFE model to the PF model.
During the plane strain compression at room temperature, the top and bottom surfaces parallel to the RD-TD plane are deformed to different reductions.
The simulated deformation texture for the BCC metal compressed to a reduction of 50% is shown in Fig. 1(a) where the ideal position of the main texture components is indicated using different symbols.
(a) (b) Fig. 2 Stereographic {100} pole figures of the recrystallisation texture after different reductions: (a) 50% and (b) 80%.

Market economy stimulates drop forges to produce forged pieces of highest quality and dimension accuracy with the accent on reduction of production costs.
Comparison of Material Savings for Production Alternatives of Ring-Shaped Drop Forging Compared to the common die forging with flash, precision closed-die forging without flash has following advantages: - Reduction in material loss from 15 to 30% - Reduction in forging forces from 30 to 40% - Reduction in costs necessary for mechanical treatment (machining) - Achievement of higher strain degree - Improvement of mechanical properties of drop forgings Material saving is often determined from the calculation of batch weight of semi-product [1, 3].
In order to start a forging process simulation regarding a ring-shaped forged piece it is necessary to properly define the input data – these data were defined as follows: · process: closed-die forging · forging machine: mechanical press · material of semi-product: DIN 17210 (1.7131) · material of tool: ASTM A 681 (H13) · semi-product temperature: 1150°C · tool temperature: 250°C · coefficient of friction: 0.25 Fig. 4.

In this paper, we studied the characteristic of the guided wave shown when it passed through the reductions of varying depth.
For the purpose of this study, laser generation/air-coupled detection systems were employed as a way of detecting the reduction by using guided wave.
Received signals from the air-coupled transducer were magnified by the amplifier and were displayed through the signal averaging scheme with 1000 sampling data on the screen of the oscilloscope.
Fig. 3 Signals in the time-domain and time-frequency analysis for no-thinned area (a) 1.2mm thickness loss (b) 1.6mm thickness loss (c) 2.0mm thickness loss Fig. 4 Waveforms and FFT analysis for thinned areas when receiving at the angle of 7 degrees using an air-coupled transducer To detail the change of two modes represented by varying the thickness loss, the maximum magnitude value and the minimum one of two modes obtained from total 10 experimental data and their average were illustrated in Fig. 5.
Therefore, if we know the magnitude of two modes on FFT-analysis, it is possible to detect the reduction loss.

To overcome such limitations in the country’s energy welfare policy, the most urgent issue is to collect detailed data on the economic situations of energy-poor homes and their living patterns.
Studies so far on the energy-poor class in the country have been hampered by the lack of reliable data.
(2) Non-institutional support Non-institutional support is divided mainly into direct support for energy consumption such as provision of briquettes and electricity, and reduction of energy consumption through provision of high-energy-efficiency facilities.
The direct support for energy consumption is realized via price reduction or the provision of a grace period for power supply suspension as specified in the billing or internal regulations of public energy companies.
The support programs include reduction of power bills by KEPCO, heating subsidies by local heating corporations, gas subsidies and gas bill reduction by city gas companies, and the provision of a grace period before suspending power or gas supply.

The issue of dross reduction has been on the agenda of cast houses for many years but it remains a poor cousin to the reduction, carbon and casting processes and therefore progress has been generally slow.
There are some major problems preventing serious attention to dross reduction.
Despite a plethora of data obtained through this means, there has to date been no oxidation rate model generated that can be readily used to predict the amounts of oxide (and hence dross) that might occur during normal industrial melt handling scenarios.
It was found using this experimental data combined with other sourced data that the overall oxidation rate (OOR) at a mean of 800°C (750-850°C range) is governed by a power law relationship of the form, OOR = a·tb (g m-2 s-1) where t is holding time (seconds) and a, b are fitting constants.
It was therefore considered little wonder that these weight gains were not measurable using the installed load cells and data gathering equipment.

Research Background The reduction of greenhouse gases such as CO2, whose levels have been increasing, is an impending global issue.
The Kyoto Protocol set a target 6% reduction in the total emission of greenhouse gases among developed countries as a whole between 2008 and 2012, in comparison with the levels in 1990.
The total emission of greenhouse gases in Japan for the fiscal year 2009 was 1.29 billion tons, which is a 4.1% reduction compared with the total emission of the benchmark year set under the Kyoto Protocol.
Based on the lines of the main routes and the data in the timetables, buses appear, run, and disappear within the target area.
References [1] Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan: “The GHGs Emissions Data of Japan (FY 1990-2009)”, (2011)

Figure 1 shows significant reduction in IR transmittance from the Control (Black) to the Aerogel only (Red).
Table 2: KD2 Pro Handheld Probe Data.
Samples Conductivity W/m K Diffusivity mm2/ s Volumetric Specific Heat MJ/m3 K Density kg/m3 Specific Heat Capacity J/ kg K UE 0.165 0.093 1.764 1221 1445 UEA 0.147 0.103 1.434 1206 1189 UEA 0.5 0.227 0.146 1.547 1237 1251 UEA 1.0 0.300 0.286 1.050 1234 851 UEA 3.0 0.234 0.160 1.467 1252 1172 UEA 5.0 0.313 0.283 1.105 1266 873 The alternative Cp values obtained from thermal probe technique followed similar trend as the DSC thermogram Cp values, which showed significant Cp value reduction for the silica aerogel only sample.
The thermal conductivity also showed reduction upon silica aerogel incorporation.
Husni Rustam for his hard work in data compilation essential for this publication.

Electric motor controlled input rotational speed through frequency changer, the input rotational speed and torque of were measured by torque speed sensor 1, the output rotational speed and torque were measured by torque speed sensor 2, the efficiency tester controlled the load value, the signal measured by torque sensor 1 and 2 was handled by efficiency tester, then deliverd to the industrial to realize the data acquisition and analysis.
Temperature detection points 2.3 Test step The experiment was divided in two steps: Firstly, no-load test, the test generator rotational speed was set as 600r/min, 1000r/min, 1460r/min, detecting temperature change and noise change of the worm reduction gear bearing, worm gear roller, the lubricating oil, testing time no less than 360 minutes each time.
Secondly, loading test, the test generator rotational speed was set as 750r/min, 1000r/min, 1500r/min, detecting temperature change and noise change of the worm reduction gear bearing ,worm gear roller, the lubricating oil, as well as the transmission efficiency.
Fig. 10 is the transmission efficiency of the system, rotational speed was 1000r/min, the input end torque was 10N.m, the calculated transmission efficiency of the transmission reduction gear also shown in Fig. 10.
Transmission efficiency of the worm gear According to the data obtained from the tests, noise of the system controlled in 30dB,the rotational speed was 1000r/min, when input loads was up to 10N·m, the transmission efficiency of the system can reach 0.599, and the calculated transmission efficiency is 0.664. 4 Conclusions Under the condition of normal work, the temperature changes of worm and worm wheel bearing end are not large, the temperature of roller rise slowly under different rotational speed, the noise is controlled in 30dB, the transmission efficiency of test system is high.The above studies indicate that the new drive set can eliminate the backlash, and has the advantages of low noise, low temperature rise, and high transmission efficiency.

The data were fit to Murnaghan’s state equation [10], and the structural parameters at T = 0 K are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
After the transition, there is a volume reduction of about 8.5 % from 118 to 108 Bohr3 and 7.4 % from 121.39 to 112.45 Bohr3, which is in good agreement with other research [2].
At the same pressure, there are two phase transitions: from the NaCl and NiAs to the CsCl structure with a volume reduction of ~8.5 % and ~7.4 % respectively.
The compound NbC shows a transformation from ZB to CsCl at ~18.3 GPa with a volume reduction of about 20%.
Calvert, Pearson`s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for intermetallic Phases, American Society for Metals, Metal Park, OH,1985

Printed electronics have the following advantages over conventional photolithography/etching processes: (i) environmentally friendly process, (ii) reduction in material loss, (iii) high productivity through roll-to-roll process, and (iv) mass customerization.
During reaction, HNO3 was emitted as a byproduct, indicative of reduction of silver ion.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were recorded on Ulvac-Phi PHI Quantetra SXM using aluminum anode (1486.6 eV) radiation source and a hemispherical mirror analyzer operation in fixed retard ratio mode.
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) data of Ag NPs were obtained on TA Instruments SDT-2960.
Therefore, gelation in silver solution appeared at initial stage and then disappeared with time due to decrease in silver ion complexed with PAA by reduction and growth of Ag NPs.