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Such difficulties lie in the usual CFD problems such as: turbulence modeling, flow separation, boundary layer, cavitations.
The simulations are supposed to be converged when the residual is below 10-5.
The accuracy of the CFD based on RANS equation is dependent on the used turbulence model.
According to the steady flow simulation, the RNG K-epsilon turbulence model yields to provide the most accurate results, so it is recommended to do such this kind of simulation.
This study of the steady simulation of the flow around marine propeller shows that, CFD is a powerful and reliable tool for calculating the propeller hydrodynamic characteristics.

This CFD aerodynamic analysis utilized ANSYS Fluent software package.
The flow over the car surfaces was modelled with the non-equilibrium wall functions as the near-wall treatment, as it provides more realistic simulation of the behaviour of turbulent boundary layers including flow separation [6].
The simulation air velocities were at the velocity-inlet boundary.
The bottom of the domain is set as “No Slip Wall”, and the top and the sides of the domain are set as “Symmetry” so that these surfaces would not bring any effects on the simulation.
Baškarić.CFD Analysis of concept car in order to improve Aerodynamics.

The full scale 155 mm artillery projectile was generated in INVENTOR software and modeled in CFD simulations, in order to determine static aerodynamic coefficients.
Solving Methodology CFD is applied to determine the aerodynamic coefficients by using a commercial CFD code called ANSYS FLUENT which solves the governing equations of the flow motion using a technique of finite volume.
Fig. 6 shows the Comparison between the drag coefficient curves obtained by the CFD simulations for 0° angle of attack and the drag curves obtained from [3], (Zero-Yaw Drag Coefficient vs.
Conclusion 3-D unsteady flow CFD simulation over a spinning projectile model, regardless the spinning motion of projectile was performed at subsonic, transonic and supersonic Mach numbers with various angles of attack using a commercial CFD code called (ANSYS FLUENT14.5) which solves Navier-Stokes equation with Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulent model.
Fig. 6 Comparison between CFD simulation and experimental drag coefficients for α=0° References [1] Sahu, J., 1991.

For the reducing of the time cost, the Kriging model was used for the surrogate model instead of the CFD simulation during the optimization design.
There are four main aspects in the optimization design system: geometry parameterization, optimization algorithm, CFD numerical simulation and the mesh deformation.
It is well know that the CFD simulation takes the most time of the whole optimization design.
So surrogate model was used instead of the CFD simulation.
CFD simulation is at the condition of : Ma=0.86, Cl=0.47, Re=4.3E6.

In understanding the complexity of the fluidized bed hydrodynamics (multiphase problems) and in order to increase the fluidized bed operation efficiency, many researchers have applied CFD simulation as one of the methods in their study and they have implemented both 2-Dimensional [3,4] and 3-Dimensional computational domains [5].
The CFD results of the bed expansion and bed pressure drop of the model were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results showing that the CFD is capable to simulate the real experiment.
[2] Lu Huilin and Dimitri Gidaspow, Hydrodynamics of binary fluidization in a riser: CFD Simulation using two granular temperatures, Chemical Engineering Science, 58(2003), 3777-3792
[6] Mahdi Hamzehei , CFD Modelling and Simulation of Hydrodynamics in a Fluidized Bed Dryer with Experimental Validation, ISRN Mechanical Engineering, Article ID 131087 (2011), 1-9
Nikoo, CFD Simulation of Gas–Solid Bubbling Fluidized Bed: A New Method for Adjusting Drag Law, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 87(2009), 19-30

Their respective heat loss is calculated and applied in the CFD software.
There are also examples of thermal optimization with the help of CFD [6].
Geometry For an accurate CFD simulation, a fine-quality numerical mesh is crucial.
Fig.9: Velocity vectors colored by temperature Summary The original goal at the beginning was to get a good match in terms of temperature between the CFD simulation and the measurement data at the stator winding.
Matyushenko, Best Practice: RANS Turbulence Modeling in Ansys CFD, Ansys Germany GmbH and NTS, St.

Numerical Simulation and Experiment on the Electrolyte Flow Distribution for All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Jin-qing Chen 1, a, Bao-guo Wang 2, b, Hong-ling Lv 1 1State Key Laboratory of Heavy oil, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ajqchen@upc.edu.cn, bbgwang@tsinghua.edu.cn Keywords: All vanadium redox flow battery (VRB); Computational fluid dynamics (CFD); Flow field simulation; Electrolyte distributions; Hydraulics experiment Abstract.
To reveal the electrolyte distribution in the battery, the computation fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate a parallel flow field.
A hydrodynamics model of the field structure was designed and calculated by the CFD method.
Simulation was considered as converged when residuals remained constant at a value below 10-4.
An optimization of inner flow field strusture should be designed by the further utilization of CFD tools.

Numerical simulation scheme for interior flow field of jet-mixing apparatus was established, CFD software Fluent was used to investigate in concentration field of jet-mixing apparatus.
In this article, CFD simulation and experiment were both used to investigate the online mixing performance of jet-mixing apparatus.
Volumetric flow rate (3) Where stands for volumetric flow, Efficiency (4) CFD simulation and experiment 2.1 CFD simulation In this numerical study, commercial software Gambit 2.3 and FLUENT 6.3 are used as the grid generator and the CFD solver, respectively.
For each simulation, the solution is iterated until convergence is achieved (residue for each equation is less than 10-4).
Conclusions Numerical simulation scheme for interior flow field of jet-mixing apparatus was established, CFD software Fluent was used to investigate in concentration field of jet-mixing apparatus.

Numerical simulation of cross-ventilation in buildings affected by surrounding buildings with different separation distances Taotao Shui1, a, Jing Liu1,b and Fei Ma1,c 1School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China alidd_003@163.com, bJingliu1998@yahoo.com.cn, cyeke@ustb.edu.cn Keywords: Numerical Simulation, Cross-ventilation, Street Canyon, Detached-eddy Simulation Abstract.
In order to investigate natural cross-ventilation in buildings, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the DES model is applied.
This paper applies the CFD method to study cross-ventilation driven in buildings affected by surrounding buildings.
Simulation Setup Building Models.
Numerical simulations were performed by the CFD code FLUENTTM 6.3.

Construction ventilation scheme optimization of underground main powerhouse based on CFD Zhen Liu1, a, Xiaoling Wang*, 1, b, Aili Zhang1, c 1State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety Tianjin University Tianjin 300072, China atjuliuz@163.com, bwangxl@tju.edu.cn, czhang_al2@ecidi.com Keywords: CFD; underground main powerhouse; construction ventilation; CO diffusion; scheme optimization.
Abstract: For the purpose of avoiding the deficiency of the traditional construction ventilation, the ventilation of the underground main powerhouse is simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize ventilation parameters.
Consequently, the investigation of CFD simulation of the underground powerhouse construction ventilation is of great significance.
Due to the complexity of construction ventilation in the underground caverns, numerical simulation studies on the construction ventilation of the hydropower station underground caverns have been conducted gradually in recent years.
However, numerical simulations of ventilation have mainly concentrated on the single tunnel, with less attention given to the construction ventilation of underground powerhouse.