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In addition, those designers were working at a time when quality control of materials was less developed than it is now and in an age when structural analysis and the understanding of fatigue was less well understood.
Bishop, Metals and Materials: Science Process Applications, Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1995 [3] R.I.
Suresh, Fatigue of Materials, second ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998 [5] S.D.
Socie, Simple rainflow counting algorithms, International Journal of Fatigue. 4, 1 (1982) 31-40
Materials and Structural Integrity. 3, 1 (2009) 1-27.

A special thanks to MiNT-SRC, Mechanical Engineering Laboratory and Science Chemistry Laboratory of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for providing such equipment and technical supports.
Kose, Optical, structural and electrical properties of ultrasonically sprayed copper oxide films: The effect of Mg incorporation, Journal of Optoelectronics And Advanced Materials 9 (2007) 3604 – 3608
[10] Toshiro Maruyama, Copper oxide thin films prepared by chemical vapour deposition from copper dipivaloylmethanate, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 56 (1998) 85-92
Carter, Production of cuprous oxide, a solar cell material, by thermal oxidation and a study of its physical and electrical properties, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 51 (1998) 305–316
Chang, Zinc oxide films formed by oxidation of zinc under low partial pressure of oxygen, Materials Letters 57 (2003) 1435-1440.

Introduction With the development of the textile and clothing market, various new materials emerge one after another incessantly, the effects of materials on the clothing style and shape is more and more prominent in fashion design, materials even becomes one of the key factors determining design’s success or failure.
Twenty different commercial types of suit materials with various fiber content, blend composition, fabric weave, unit mass, and end uses were selected for the study.
Postle: Fabric Mechanical and Physical Properties Relevant to Clothing Manufacture, Part 2: Structural Balance, Breaking Elongation and Curvature of Seams, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 1(1989), No. 2, p. 5 [2] M.
Jiang et al: Evaluation of mechanical properties of uniform fabrics in garment manufacturing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 174 (2006), p. 183 [4] D.
Zhang: Study on Influence of Fabric Performance on Crease Sculpt of Garment, Journal of Silk Monthly, 2007.04, p. 35

The change of environment leads to change of regular materials into some property oriented materials in particularly automotive, aerospace and defense applications that needs to use light weight materials.
Materials and Manufacturing The glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GFR/PP) matrix composites used in this paper is fabricated by hot press compression molding technique.
Fig.7 (a) shows the effect of feed rate and drill diameter on drilling of GFR/PP materials.
Palanikumar, “Modeling and analysis of roundness error in friction drilling of aluminum silicon carbide metal matrix composite”, Journal of Composite Materials 46(2) (2011) 169–181
Yang, Quick evaluation rules of roundness error, Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology 2 (1997) 17–17

Ma 1,c 1 SINTEF Material and Chemistry, PB 124 Blindern, 0134 Oslo, Norway 2 University of Oslo, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences a Saeed.Bikass@sintef.no, bBjorn.Andersson@sintef.no, cXiang.Ma@sintef.no Keywords: Extrusion, Cooling, FEM, Boundary Condition Abstract.
Finite Element Modeling Material and Process Parameters The material used was AA6082.
Acknowledgements This work is part of a project run by Hydro in cooperation with SINTEF Materials and Chemistry.
Umgeherb: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 182 (2007), p. 73
Svendsen: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 209 (2009), p. 876

Mridha1,b 1Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O.
Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria amamuda@unilag.edu.ng, bshahjahan@iium.edu.my Keywords: FSS weld, metal powder addition, cryogenic cooling, sensitization width Abstract.
Vitek, Welding: solidification and microstructure, Journal of Metals, 55 (2003) 14-20
Mridha, Comparative evaluation of grain refinement in AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel welds, Materials and Design, 35 (2012) 609-618
Norish, Mitigation of sensitization effects in unstabilized 12% Cr ferritic stainless steel weld, Materials Science and Engineering A, 464 (2007) 157-169.

Therefore, the sensor mentioned above may obtain the best performance when the height of the dielectric-layer is 30mm. 3) Impact by the material of the dielectric-layer Respectively set the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric-layer material to 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, the He–frequency curves were obtained and shown in Fig. 5.
Therefore, the dielectric-layer material has important impact on the performance of the disc-type sensor.
When the requirements of the detection bandwidth were meet, it would be recommended to use those materials which have a low. 4) Iimpact by the radius of the bottom-plate Respectively set the radius of the bottom-plate to 110mm, 120mm, 130mm, 140mm and 150mm, the He–frequency curves were obtained and shown in Fig. 6.
Journal of Chongqing University (Natural Science Edition), 2008, 31(1): 29-33
Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2005, 26(7): 705-709, 737

Influences of Microelement on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Alite-Strontium Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Qiuying Li1, a, Lingchao Lu1, b, * and Soude Wang1, c 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China alijingyouth@163.com, bmse_lulc@ujn.edu.cn, cmse_wangsd@ujn.edu.cn Keywords: alite; strontium calcium sulphoaluminate; SO3; SrO.
Introduction Cement is an important building material.
The raw materials were chemical reagents CaCO3, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SrCO3, SrSO4, CaSO4•2H2O and CaF2.
Acknowledgements This work was financed by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.Y2008F49) and the “973” National Key Fundamental Research Plan of China (No.2009CB623101).
[3] B.Teng, X.Cheng, and J.Huang: Journal of Synthetic Crystalst (in Chinese), Vol. 28 (1999), p. 193-198

A logistics and location decisions model for a closed-loop logistic system with uncertain demands Jiawang Xu1, 2, Yunlong Zhu1 1 Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China 2 School of Economic & Management, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China ccb867321@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: Closed-loop logistics model, Logistics and location decisions, decision-making Abstract.
capacity of supplier i in period t; capacity of forward logistics in the manufactory j in period t; capacity of reverse logistics in the manufactory j in period t; unit cost of production in manufactory j using materials from supplier i; unit cost of transportation from each manufactory j to each DC k; fixed cost for operating manufactory j; fixed cost for landfilling per unit at manufactory j; the landfilling rate of manufactory j in period t; capacity of forward logistics in the DC k in period t; capacity of reverse logistics in the DC k in period t; unit cost of transportation from DC k to customer l; Unit cost of transportation from DC k to manufactory j; fixed cost for operating DC k; demand of the customer l at period t; recovery amount of customer l in period t; unit cost of recovery in DC k from customer l Variables.
quantity produced at manufactory j using raw materials from supply i in period t; quantity remanufactured at manufactory j in period t; quantity landfilled at manufactory j in period t; amount shipped from manufactory j to DC k ; amount shipped from DC k to customer l in period t; amount shipped from DC k to manufactory j in period t; quantity recovered at DC k from customer l in period t
Acknowledgement This work is partially supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant #20080440170, National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) Grant #2007AA04Z189, and Liaoning Provincial Humanities and Social Science Project Grant #2009A566.
Novais: European Journal of Operational Research Vol. 179(2007), p.1063 [4] H.

Narrow manufacturing resources mainly refer to the material elements needed to manufacture one component.
Being the bottom manufacturing resources in a manufacturing system [4], narrow manufacturing resources include machine, tools, fixtures, gauges and materials and so on.
According to the phase properties of the manufacturing resources and by defining them in the extensive conception, the manufacturing resources are divided into nine categories as follows: (1) Special-specific products; (2) Standard parts resources; (3) Equipment and material resources; (4) Design knowledge resources; (5) Software system resources; (6) Experts human resources; (7) Training resources; (8) Science and technology information resources; (9) Other resources.
Acknowledgement This research is supported by the Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province (No. 2010GGX10408) and the Applied Basic Research Program of Qingdao, China (No. 09-1-3-51-jch).
Journal of Wuhan Automotive Polytechnic University, 22, 2(2000), pp. 19-21 (In Chinese)